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Long Chain Fatty Acids Overview
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Long Chain Fatty Acids Overview

Created by
@VeritableJadeite

Questions and Answers

What is the primary carbon chain length of palmitate?

  • 18 carbons
  • 20 carbons
  • 14 carbons
  • 16 carbons (correct)

    • Which system is primarily responsible for elongating fatty acids in the human body?

  • Golgi Apparatus System
  • Cytoplasmic Fatty Acid System
  • Mitochondrial Transport System
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum System (correct)

    • Which compound is added to palmitate during the elongation process in the endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Acetyl CoA
  • Propionyl CoA
  • Butyryl CoA
  • Malonyl CoA (correct)

    • What is one of the key characteristics of triglycerides (TAG) in relation to water solubility?

    <p>Slightly soluble in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organelle are the enzymes for fatty acid elongation predominantly found?

    <p>Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy storage do adipocytes primarily use?

    <p>Triglycerides (TAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common product formed when elongating palmitate in the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Stearic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of converting fatty acids into TAG?

    <p>For long-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two-carbon unit is typically used in the mitochondrial elongation system?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic makes TAG an efficient form for energy storage?

    <p>Nearly anhydrous coalescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended intake percentage of essential fatty acids to prevent deficiency symptoms?

    <p>1% to 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which essential fatty acid is a precursor to the neuronal fatty acid C22:6ω3?

    <p>Linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as a connection between essential fatty acid metabolism and specific diseases?

    <p>Dietary insufficiency and abnormal metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with long chain fatty acids?

    <p>Highly water-insoluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with essential fatty acid deficiency?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves synthesizing glycerol from gluconeogenic precursors in adipose tissue?

    <p>Glyceroneogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form of fatty acids found in plasma?

    <p>Lipoprotein particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In palmitoleic acid, where is the double bond located?

    <p>Between carbons 9 and 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition has been linked to elevated levels of very long chain polyenoic acids in the brain?

    <p>Zellweger syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main transport protein for long chain fatty acids in plasma?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fatty acids in plasma are considered long chain fatty acids?

    <p>Over 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form in which fatty acids are found in the plasma?

    <p>Free fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of the fatty acid chains found in plasma lipoproteins?

    <p>Long and unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is used to number the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain?

    <p>Double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein particle primarily contains triglycerides?

    <p>Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of acetyl CoA-ACP acetyltransacylase in prokaryotes?

    <p>To catalyze the reaction between acetyl CoA and ACP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor leads to decreased enzyme synthesis of acetyl CoA carboxylase?

    <p>Low calorie diets or fasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the two-carbon fragment from Acetyl-S-ACP during the reaction with the enzyme?

    <p>It is transferred to a cysteine residue on the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase?

    <p>Malonyl-S-ACP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the structure of the fatty acid synthase complex in eukaryotes?

    <p>A dimer with seven different enzymatic activities per monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) in the context of fatty acid synthesis?

    <p>To act as a holding site for acetyl and malonate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a high calorie-high carbohydrate diet on the fatty acid synthesis process?

    <p>It leads to an increase in enzyme synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the reactions involving ACP?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transferred to the ACP from malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthase reactions?

    <p>A three-carbon malonate unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fatty acyl CoA synthetase in fatty acid metabolism?

    <p>To activate fatty acids by attaching them to CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the first step in TAG synthesis from glycerol phosphate?

    <p>Acylation of the C1 hydroxyl occurs after the acylation of the C2 hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the preference for fatty acyl CoA differ when synthesizing TAG in the human mammary gland?

    <p>Only saturated fatty acyl CoA is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key product is yielded from the acylation of lysophosphatidate in TAG synthesis?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acyl CoA thioester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the second acylation step during TAG synthesis?

    <p>The introduction of an unsaturated fatty acyl CoA thioester to C2 of lysophosphatidate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the activation of fatty acids?

    <p>Fatty acids must be activated to form fatty acyl CoA for TAG synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows the activation of free fatty acids for TAG synthesis?

    <p>Reduction of DHAP to glycerol 3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid characteristic influences the acylation process during TAG synthesis?

    <p>Saturation level of the fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) in relation to TAG synthesis?

    <p>DHAP is converted into glycerol 3-phosphate during TAG synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction does NOT occur during TAG synthesis involving glycerol phosphate?

    <p>Reduction of glycerol 3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Long Chain Fatty Acids

    • Predominantly hydrophobic and highly insoluble in water.
    • Transported in plasma bound to proteins, primarily albumin.
    • Over 90% of circulating fatty acids are contained in lipoprotein particles such as TAG, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids.

    Fatty Acid Synthesis Reactions

    • Transfer of Acetate: Acetyl CoA transfers acetate to the -SH group of acyl carrier protein (ACP), catalyzed by acetyl CoA-ACP acetyltransacylase.
    • Transfer of Two-Carbon Fragment: Acetyl-S-ACP is transferred to a cysteine residue on the enzyme; this is a temporary holding site.
    • Transfer of Malonate: Vacant ACP accepts a three-carbon malonate unit from malonyl CoA, catalyzed by malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase.
    • Production of Palmitate: A fully saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons, resulting from fatty acid synthase activity, which can be elongated or desaturated by other enzymatic processes.

    Functional Aspects of Fatty Acids

    • Fatty Acid Synthase: A multienzyme complex in eukaryotes consisting of a dimer with seven enzymatic activities and a covalent attachment domain.
    • Elongation Systems: Extend fatty acid chains beyond 16 carbons by adding 2-carbon units.
      • Includes endoplasmic reticulum (most active) and mitochondrial elongation systems.

    Storage and Synthesis of Triglycerides (TAG)

    • Fatty acids are converted into TAG for transport and energy storage.
    • TAGs are slightly soluble in water, forming oily droplets within adipocytes due to low solubility.
    • Primarily stored in adipose tissue as the major energy reserve.

    Essential Fatty Acids

    • Essential fatty acids must comprise 1% to 2% of total caloric intake to prevent deficiency symptoms.
    • Linoleic acid and its derivatives play critical roles in skin health and neuronal function.
    • Deficiency in essential fatty acids leads to various health issues including skin problems and potential connections to metabolic disorders.
    • Disorders including cystic fibrosis, Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, and more can exhibit abnormal essential fatty acid metabolism.
    • Elevated levels of very long chain polyenoic acids are observed in certain neurological conditions, such as Zellweger syndrome.
    • Glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue synthesizes glycerol from gluconeogenic precursors, especially during fasting, modulating fatty acid release into circulation.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the characteristics and transport mechanisms of long chain fatty acids, emphasizing their hydrophobic nature and water solubility. Explore the significance of double bonds in their structure and how they associate with plasma proteins in the bloodstream.

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