Questions and Answers
What is the primary carbon chain length of palmitate?
Which system is primarily responsible for elongating fatty acids in the human body?
Which compound is added to palmitate during the elongation process in the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is one of the key characteristics of triglycerides (TAG) in relation to water solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
In which organelle are the enzymes for fatty acid elongation predominantly found?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of energy storage do adipocytes primarily use?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common product formed when elongating palmitate in the endoplasmic reticulum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of converting fatty acids into TAG?
Signup and view all the answers
Which two-carbon unit is typically used in the mitochondrial elongation system?
Signup and view all the answers
What characteristic makes TAG an efficient form for energy storage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended intake percentage of essential fatty acids to prevent deficiency symptoms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which essential fatty acid is a precursor to the neuronal fatty acid C22:6ω3?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicated as a connection between essential fatty acid metabolism and specific diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is associated with long chain fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with essential fatty acid deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What process involves synthesizing glycerol from gluconeogenic precursors in adipose tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary form of fatty acids found in plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
In palmitoleic acid, where is the double bond located?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition has been linked to elevated levels of very long chain polyenoic acids in the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is the main transport protein for long chain fatty acids in plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of fatty acids in plasma are considered long chain fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a form in which fatty acids are found in the plasma?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the nature of the fatty acid chains found in plasma lipoproteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of bond is used to number the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lipoprotein particle primarily contains triglycerides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of acetyl CoA-ACP acetyltransacylase in prokaryotes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor leads to decreased enzyme synthesis of acetyl CoA carboxylase?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the two-carbon fragment from Acetyl-S-ACP during the reaction with the enzyme?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the structure of the fatty acid synthase complex in eukaryotes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) in the context of fatty acid synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of a high calorie-high carbohydrate diet on the fatty acid synthesis process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a product of the reactions involving ACP?
Signup and view all the answers
What is transferred to the ACP from malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthase reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of fatty acyl CoA synthetase in fatty acid metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correctly describes the first step in TAG synthesis from glycerol phosphate?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the preference for fatty acyl CoA differ when synthesizing TAG in the human mammary gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What key product is yielded from the acylation of lysophosphatidate in TAG synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the outcome of the second acylation step during TAG synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding the activation of fatty acids?
Signup and view all the answers
What process follows the activation of free fatty acids for TAG synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which fatty acid characteristic influences the acylation process during TAG synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) in relation to TAG synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which reaction does NOT occur during TAG synthesis involving glycerol phosphate?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Long Chain Fatty Acids
- Predominantly hydrophobic and highly insoluble in water.
- Transported in plasma bound to proteins, primarily albumin.
- Over 90% of circulating fatty acids are contained in lipoprotein particles such as TAG, cholesteryl esters, and phospholipids.
Fatty Acid Synthesis Reactions
- Transfer of Acetate: Acetyl CoA transfers acetate to the -SH group of acyl carrier protein (ACP), catalyzed by acetyl CoA-ACP acetyltransacylase.
- Transfer of Two-Carbon Fragment: Acetyl-S-ACP is transferred to a cysteine residue on the enzyme; this is a temporary holding site.
- Transfer of Malonate: Vacant ACP accepts a three-carbon malonate unit from malonyl CoA, catalyzed by malonyl CoA-ACP transacylase.
- Production of Palmitate: A fully saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons, resulting from fatty acid synthase activity, which can be elongated or desaturated by other enzymatic processes.
Functional Aspects of Fatty Acids
- Fatty Acid Synthase: A multienzyme complex in eukaryotes consisting of a dimer with seven enzymatic activities and a covalent attachment domain.
-
Elongation Systems: Extend fatty acid chains beyond 16 carbons by adding 2-carbon units.
- Includes endoplasmic reticulum (most active) and mitochondrial elongation systems.
Storage and Synthesis of Triglycerides (TAG)
- Fatty acids are converted into TAG for transport and energy storage.
- TAGs are slightly soluble in water, forming oily droplets within adipocytes due to low solubility.
- Primarily stored in adipose tissue as the major energy reserve.
Essential Fatty Acids
- Essential fatty acids must comprise 1% to 2% of total caloric intake to prevent deficiency symptoms.
- Linoleic acid and its derivatives play critical roles in skin health and neuronal function.
- Deficiency in essential fatty acids leads to various health issues including skin problems and potential connections to metabolic disorders.
Abnormal Metabolism and Related Diseases
- Disorders including cystic fibrosis, Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, and more can exhibit abnormal essential fatty acid metabolism.
- Elevated levels of very long chain polyenoic acids are observed in certain neurological conditions, such as Zellweger syndrome.
- Glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue synthesizes glycerol from gluconeogenic precursors, especially during fasting, modulating fatty acid release into circulation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on the characteristics and transport mechanisms of long chain fatty acids, emphasizing their hydrophobic nature and water solubility. Explore the significance of double bonds in their structure and how they associate with plasma proteins in the bloodstream.