Questions and Answers
Which structure is made of two microtubular structures at right angles to one another?
Centrosome
Which protein family includes members that move toward the (+) end of microtubules?
Kinesin
What provides movement of chromosomes during cell division?
Microtubules
What is the function of microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)?
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Which filament type is highly dynamic due to rapid disassembly and reassembly?
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What is the protein that forms the hollow tubules of microtubules?
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Which protein family includes members that move toward the (-) end of microtubules?
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What is the arrangement of microtubules in centrioles?
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Which of the following is the function of miRNA and siRNA?
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What is the central dogma of biology?
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What is the function of tRNA?
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Which enzyme is responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA?
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What is the role of telomeres in cell reproduction?
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Which of the following terms refers to the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription?
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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
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What is the term for the process of forming a protein on the ribosomes?
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What is the function of rRNA in protein synthesis?
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In which phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes align at the metaphase plate?
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What is the function of telomerase?
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What is the main cause of cancer according to the text?
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What is the role of the TATA box in gene expression?
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What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
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What is the function of gene mutations?
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What is the purpose of the promoter in genetic regulation?
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What is the role of histones in chromosome formation?
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What determines the rate of cell growth?
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What is the function of telomeres in cell division?
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What contributes to the selective repression/expression of specific genes during cell differentiation?
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Which molecule is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis?
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Where does the translation of mRNA into protein take place?
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What is the primary difference between DNA and RNA?
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What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis?
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Which molecule is involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression?
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What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein synthesis?
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Which molecule is transcribed from DNA and carries the genetic information to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis?
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What is the primary function of micro RNA (miRNA) in gene expression?
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What is the primary role of DNA in the cell?
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What is the function of genes in the context of heredity and cell function?
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Study Notes
Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis and Cell Function
- Transcription of RNA from DNA occurs in the nucleus, with one DNA strand transcribed into pre-mRNA and then modified into mRNA.
- Translation of mRNA into protein takes place in the cytoplasm, where it associates with ribosomes and tRNA molecules.
- Genes, made of DNA, are the functional units of heredity and control the formation of RNA, which carries out the work.
- Nucleotides, which contain a sugar linked to a nitrogen-containing base, form the backbone of RNA and DNA.
- DNA and RNA have similar primary structures but differ in their sugar component, with DNA being metabolically stable and RNA in dynamic equilibrium with the AA pool.
- DNA is compacted in the cell by association with histones into chromosomes, with a diploid human cell containing 46 chromosomes.
- DNA, composed of discrete units called genes, forms a double-stranded molecule with four nitrogenous bases between the strands.
- The genome, the collection of genes expressing the full DNA of an organism, codes for proteins and produces different cell types.
- Transcription involves the transfer of the DNA code to the cytoplasm through RNA, with genetic code consisting of successive triplets of bases.
- RNA is produced by the transcription of genes along a DNA strand and includes messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
- Transfer RNA acts as a carrier molecule during protein synthesis, recognizing specific codons and combining with amino acids.
- Micro RNA is involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, affecting protein synthesis, mRNA degradation, and sequestering.
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