Logical Reasoning and Cognitive Abilities

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Questions and Answers

Which aspect significantly determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks?

Creative aspect

Practical aspect

Insightful aspect (correct)

Analytic aspect

What is the most commonly diagnosed learning disability that involves a severe impairment in reading and spelling?

Developmental dysfunction

Dysgraphia

Analytic disorder

Dyslexia (correct)

Which learning disability involves difficulties in handwriting?

Insightful disorder

Analyzed impediment

Dysgraphia (correct)

Dyslexia

Which test is an individual assessment tool commonly used in developmental psychology for children in middle and late childhood?

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of learning disabilities, what aspect helps people deal with their environment and make decisions?

Practical aspect Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect determines how efficiently people process information, solve problems, and evaluate results?

Analytic aspect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a maladaptive tendency related to the Competence Age stage of development?

Inertia - suffering from inferiority complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of high levels of family conflict on children's behavior?

Externalizing behaviors like aggression and disobedience Signup and view all the answers

What does Emotional Self-Regulation involve in the Competence Age stage?

Voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of gender stereotypes on children in the Competence Age stage?

Broad categories reflecting general beliefs about males and females Signup and view all the answers

How do children's feelings change as they grow according to the text?

They develop clearer distinctions between guilt and pride Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Coregulation between children and parents?

Children and parents share power in decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of School Phobia?

Unrealistic fear of going to school Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or familiar people?

Separation Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in children?

Excessive worry about everything Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in children?

Obsession with repetitive thoughts or impulses Signup and view all the answers

What protective factors are mentioned for resilient children?

Good family relationship and social phobia Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Conventional Reasoning according to the text?

Abiding by external ethics Signup and view all the answers

Which ability involves deliberately directing one's attention and shutting out distractions within a whole?

Selective Attention Signup and view all the answers

What does the Psychometric Approach aim to evaluate in children?

Cognitive abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which test is known for being the most widely used individual test for assessing intelligence in children aged 3-18?

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of intelligence does the Theory of Multiple Intelligence NOT focus on?

Mathematical Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of Inductive Reasoning?

Drawing conclusions about a class from specific observations Signup and view all the answers

What element does Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence consist of?

Analytical, Practical, and Creative Signup and view all the answers

Which memory strategy involves consciously repeating information?

Rehearsal Signup and view all the answers

What is the major criticism of IQ tests?

Inferring intelligence instead of measuring it directly Signup and view all the answers

'External Memory Aids' refer to which memory strategy?

'Writing down things to remember' Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Post-conventional Reasoning at the highest level of personal ethics?

Ensuring high ethical standards are met Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg's Moral Development Levels, what distinguishes individuals at the highest level of morality?

They engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to meet high ethical standards Signup and view all the answers

What does the Care Perspective in moral development emphasize the most?

Interpersonal communication and relationships with others Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?

Domain Theory of Moral Development Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Social Conventional Reasoning?

Controlling behavior through social consensus rules Signup and view all the answers

In terms of Moral Personality, what distinguishes individuals with Moral Character?

Being distinctively their own with a pattern of moral characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Componential: Analytic Aspect

Small class sizes benefit students as they process information more efficiently, helping them solve problems, monitor solutions, and evaluate results.

Analytical Aspect

Intellectual Disability: significantly subnormal cognitive functioning, determines how people approach novel or familiar tasks.
Intervention programs have helped many people with mild or moderate intellectual disability to hold jobs, live in the community, and function in society.

Contextual: Practical Aspect

Learning Disabilities: difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language, and the difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, and spelling.
Dyslexia: most commonly diagnosed Learning Disability, severe impairment in reading and spelling abilities.
Dysgraphia: difficulty in handwriting.

Age and Development

Middle Childhood (5-13 years):
- Developing a sense of industry involves learning to work hard to achieve goals.
- Maladaptive Tendency: Narrow Virtuosity – children who aren't allowed to "be children" and are pushed into one area of competence.
- Malignant Tendency: Inertia – suffering from inferiority complexes.
Children become more aware of their own and other people's feelings, and develop a clearer idea of the difference between guilt and shame.
Emotional Self-Regulation: voluntary control of emotions, attention, and behavior.
Children tend to become more empathetic and more inclined to prosocial behaviors.

Moral Development

Kohlberg's Moral Development Levels:
- Post-conventional Reasoning: highest level, personal ethics, and individuals engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure it meets high ethical standards.
- Care Perspective: moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication and relationships.
- Domain Theory of Moral Development: different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains.

Social Phobia or Social Anxiety: extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: children worry about everything, tend to be self-conscious, self-doubting, and excessively concerned with meeting the expectations of others.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: obsessed by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, or may show compulsive behaviors.
Childhood Depression: disorder of mood that goes beyond normal, temporary sadness.

Cognitive Development

Inhibitory control: the voluntary suppression of unwanted responses.
Inductive and Deductive reasoning:
- Inductive Reasoning: involves making observations about particular members of a class and then drawing conclusions about the class as a whole.
- Deductive Reasoning: starts with a general statement about a class and applies it to particular members of the class.
Piaget believed that children in the concrete operations stage only used inductive reasoning.
Memory:
- Working memory increases greatly in middle childhood.
- Mnemonic Device: strategy to aid memory.
- External Memory Aids: writing down things to remember.
- Rehearsal: conscious repetition.
- Organization: placing information into categories.
- Elaboration: children associate items with something else.

Intelligence and Assessment

Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence using individual tests, such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales.
Language and Literacy:
- Children use increasingly precise verbs, simile, and metaphor.
- Understanding of rules of syntax becomes more sophisticated with age.
- Boys tend to use more controlling statements, negative interruptions, and competitive statements.
- Girls phrase their remarks in a more tentative, conciliatory way and are more polite and cooperative.

Self-Efficacy and School Performance

Self-Efficacy: an individual's belief that they can execute behaviors necessary to attain specific performance.
Doing well in school increases self-efficacy.
Girls tend to do better in school than boys.

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Description

Test your understanding of logical reasoning and cognitive abilities with questions about class inclusion, selective attention, inhibitory control, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, and the efficiency of working memory.