LNG Bunkering and Marine Propulsion Technology

Basics in Marine Engineering: Remote Control and Monitoring Systems

• This textbook is a supplementary resource for classroom lectures, not a standalone technical book.
• It was created specifically for Prof. Dr.-Ing. L. Chiotoroiu's lectures.
• Duplication and any use outside the lecture context is prohibited.
• The textbook incorporates results from the "JADE-BLESSC" 2018 project.

Course Introduction (Einführung in Systemüberwachung)

• Course offered during the Winter Semester 2024/25.
• Targeting undergraduate students.
• Coordinated by Prof. Dr.-Ing. L. Chiotoroiu.
• Consists of 2 lectures per week, potentially delivered in a hybrid or online format via Zoom.
• Consultation hours are available on Tuesdays, from 11:30 to 13:00.
• 125 hours of study time is expected for the course, with approximately 65 hours dedicated to self-study.
• Course structure is organized into five major parts.
• Instructional strategies include further reading, visualizations (videos created using the Lightboard Studio and the free Unitest simulator), independent study assignments, assessment-based exercises (quizzes), and collaborative learning activities (group projects).

Topic 1: Familiarisation with the Machinery Space

• Successful completion allows students to use accepted engineering terms for machinery space descriptions.
• Students should be able to describe the general layout and arrangement of machinery and equipment.
• Different propulsion systems' advantages and disadvantages are also part of the topic's learning outcomes.

Topic 1.1: Basic Machinery Space Arrangement and Propulsion Architecture

• The engine room (machinery space) houses the main engine(s), generators, compressors, pumps, oil purifiers and other crucial machinery.
• There's a separate, soundproofed, air-conditioned control room (ECR) for the machinery's control systems.
• Engine rooms are often hot, noisy, sometimes dirty, and potentially dangerous due to the presence of flammable fuels, high voltage equipment, and prime movers.

Topic 1.2: Propulsion Architecture and Types

• Propulsion system architecture varies based on the ship type and operating profile.
• Mechanical propulsion (including diesel-mechanical) is the prevailing technology for most cargo ships due to its high efficiency at full load.
• Diesel engine, possibly with a gear reduction box, directly connects to the propeller shaft in 'direct drive' applications.
• Diesel-mechanical propulsion with a gear reduction box is common for cargo ships, offering high efficiency at full load.
• Mechanical propulsion with multiple shafts and/or multiple engines on one shaft, through a gearbox with clutches, enhances propulsion availability.
• Electric propulsion is increasingly used in ferries, offshore vessels (dynamic positioning), ice-breakers, and cruise ships, mainly due to the flexible power demands of the operating profiles. This configuration allows more flexibility in positioning machinery spaces and reduces emissions.
• Hybrid propulsion is a combined mechanical and electrical propulsion system used in naval frigates, destroyers, towing vessels etc, optimizing efficiency for ships requiring various operational modes.

Topic 2: Methods to Reduce and Control Gas Emissions

• Focuses on Marpol Annex VI regulations addressing CO2, SOx, and NOx emissions from marine diesel engines.
• Different green technologies and their advantages/disadvantages are explored.
• The chemical properties of LNG, as well as the procedures for bunkering and storage onboard are detailed.

1.2.1. Reduction of CO2 Emissions

• Focuses on the IMO strategy aiming for a 40% reduction in carbon intensity by 2030 and a Net-zero goal by 2050.
• Key terms are defined as EEXI (Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index) and CII (Carbon Intensity Indicator).

1.2.2. Methods to Reduce NOx Emissions

• Explores primary methods (modifying engine design) and secondary methods (exhaust treatment) to reduce NOx emissions.
• Techniques such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), combustion modifications and flue-gas treatment are detailed.

1.2.3. Methods to Reduce SOx Emissions

• Discusses the reduction of sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions through using low-sulfur fuels and exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) commonly referred to as scrubbers.

Topic 3: Steam-, Gas-, Combined, and Diesel-Electric Marine Power Plants

• Explores various prime movers used in marine propulsion: reciprocating steam engines, steam turbines, gas turbines, and diesel-electric propulsion.
• Explains the operation principles and advantages/disadvantages of each type.

Topic 4: Diesel Mechanic Power Plant. Diesel Engine Fundamentals

• Examines fixed and movable components of diesel engines.
• Defines and outlines the different types of diesel engines categorizes according to their cylinder arrangement, the admission of air method, and speed.
• Describes the operation of a diesel engine (including its cycle) and the associated fundamental components.

Topic 5: Main Diesel Engine Types, Cycles & Timing

• Outlines the various types of diesel engines (2- and 4-stroke) and associated nomenclature & operation cycle.
• Provides a graphical representation of the valve timing diagram to visualize the process, with the related piston positions inside the engine cylinder.

Topic 6: Combustion and Gas Exchange Processes

• Explains the combustion process (including ignition lag phase, uncontrolled/controlled burn & afterburn phases) within a diesel engine cylinder.
• Includes visualizations of pressure/volume relationships during the process.
• Addresses gas exchange processes, including methods of supercharging (mechanical and turbocharging) and the associated equipment.

Topic 7: Diesel Engine Main Parameters & Fuel Consumption. Dual-Fuel Engines

• Defines indicated power, shaft power, propeller power and thrust, and discusses their relationships.
• Outlines calculation of SFOC (specific fuel oil consumption) and the daily fuel consumption of a diesel engine, along with the definitions of Admiralty coefficient (AC) and fuel coefficient (FC).
• Provides details regarding the operation mechanics of dual-fuel engines and explains the differences between slow and medium-speed DF engines.

Topic 8: Heat Exchangers, Marine Valves, Pump Fundamentals & Simple Pumping System

• Discusses the various types of heat exchangers (tubular and plate), and their design applications and differences.
• Outlines the main types of marine valves used extensively aboard vessels.
• Defines and explains the principles of different types of pumps (positive displacement and roto-dynamic/kinetic).
• Outlines the losses in a pumping system and identifies cavitation.

Topic 9: HQ Diagram and Working Procedures of Pumps. Pumps Connected in Series or in Parallel

• Defines parameters associated with pumps (HQ diagram), including priming procedures, characteristic curves/lines for centrifugal pumps, and loss-calculations.
• Explains the working principles for pumps connected in series and parallel.

Topic 10: Marine Boilers. Steam Properties, Parameters and Steam Generation

• Defines steam and differentiates between saturated and superheated steam.
• Provides a schematic of marine boiler design.
• Outlines the steam generation process for various boiler types, including fire-tube and water-tube designs.
• How to obtain various steam characteristics.

Topic 11: Marine Boilers: Main Construction Types and Operating Systems

• Presents diagrams and describes different types of marine boilers (fire-tube and water-tube), highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
• Details the functionalities of auxiliary and waste-heat boilers, as well as the associated feed-water and fuel-oil supply systems.
• Examines different boiler operating procedures.

Topic 12: Freshwater Generator (FWG). Steering Gears

• Describes the generation of fresh water from seawater using reverse osmosis or vacuum distillation.
• Discusses the various parts of a FWG.

Topic 13: Bridge and Engine Remote & Local Control of the Machine

• Explains remote and local control systems for the main engine.
• Provides information on components of the system, including the Engine Telegraph System (ETS).
• Outlines operating procedures for both remote and local control operations.
• Including emergency maneuver and shutdown control processes.