LNG Bunkering and Marine Propulsion Technology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a common method for LNG bunkering?

Air-to-Ship Bunkering (correct)

Mobile Tank Transfer

Truck-to-Ship Bunkering

Ship-to-Ship Bunkering

What is the typical pressure range within the LNG storage tank?

1-3 bars

4-6 bars (correct)

10-12 bars

7-9 bars

What is the primary purpose of the vacuum insulation in the LNG tank?

To increase the pressure within the tank

To provide buoyancy for the tank

To prevent leaks from the tank

To minimize heat transfer and reduce boil-off (correct)

What is the classification of the LNG storage tank in the ferry ship according to IMO IGC Code?

Type-C (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the azimuth thrusters in the ferry ship?

Providing propulsion for the ship (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does "BOG" stand for in the context of LNG storage?

Boil-Off Gas (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the gasification unit in the context of LNG storage?

To burn BOG as fuel (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many DF (Dual-Fuel) medium-speed GenSets are used in the ferry ship's diesel-electric propulsion plant?

3 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the IMO strategy on reducing GHG emissions from ships?

To achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a technical measure aimed at improving the energy efficiency of existing ships?

EEXI (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII)?

To measure the amount of greenhouse gases emitted per unit of cargo carried over distance travelled. (C) Signup and view all the answers

When did the requirements for EEXI and CII certification come into effect?

1 January 2023 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of nitrogen oxides (NOx)?

Nitric oxide (NO) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel engines?

Reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the air (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the target for reducing carbon intensity of all ships by 2040 compared to the 2008 baseline?

70% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of ECA’s?

To reduce the amount of sulfur in fuels used by ships. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical speed range for a medium-speed diesel engine?

200 – 1000 rpm (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cylinder configurations is NOT mentioned in the text?

In 'Y' form (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the supplying of air to a cylinder at atmospheric pressure?

Natural Admission (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard abbreviation commonly used to refer to Diesel Generator Sets?

GenSets (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation 'TDC' stand for in reference to a piston's position?

Top Dead Center (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical designation of the cylinder diameter?

D (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical function of the medium or high-speed diesel engines (GenSets) fitted on most merchant ships?

Auxiliary power (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the prime mover in a ship's propulsion system?

To deliver mechanical energy to the propeller (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of propulsion is preferred for ships that operate at a single cruise speed most of the time?

Diesel-mechanical propulsion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What configuration can improve propulsion availability in a diesel-mechanical propulsion system?

Implementing multiple engines and/or multiple shafts (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a typical diesel-mechanical propulsion system, where are the main engine exhaust valves located?

Upper/Top plates level (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cargo ships using diesel-mechanical propulsion?

They have a higher fuel efficiency at full load (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically part of the engine room layout for diesel-mechanical propulsion?

Control room (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gearbox in a diesel-mechanical propulsion system?

To transmit power from the engine to the propeller (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the propulsion system architecture is true?

Mechanical, electric, and hybrid propulsion are common architecture types (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of heat addition occurs during the isobaric process in a Brayton cycle?

Heat addition at constant pressure (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a loss type associated with the real gas turbine cycle?

Mechanical losses (C) Signup and view all the answers

In combined propulsion systems, what is the role of the cruise engine?

To operate at economical speeds (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which combined propulsion system is characterized by using both diesel engines and gas turbines?

COGAS (B) Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the boost engine in a combined propulsion system?

Operates under request when additional power is needed (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym CODOG represent in marine propulsion systems?

Combined Diesel Or Gas turbine (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the interconnectivity between the cruise and boost engines?

Only one engine can operate at a time, either cruise or boost (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of propulsion system uses hybrid technology to enhance performance on naval ships?

CODLOG (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding LNG storage tanks is FALSE?

LNG storage tanks must be installed on board vessels above the deck only. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'boil-off gas' (BOG) produced during LNG storage?

It is re-liquefied and stored back into the LNG tanks to reduce losses. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following propulsion systems is NOT a major type of merchant ship propulsion system?

Nuclear reactors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the wide use of Diesel engines in merchant ship propulsion?

They offer the best fuel efficiency for large ship operations. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of combined propulsion system?

COGES (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key advantage of Dual Fuel engines?

They can switch between diesel oil and gas fuel, reducing reliance on a single fuel source. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technologies are NOT classified as Wind Assisted Propulsion Systems (WAPS)?

Solar sails (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using Hybrid Propulsion systems in marine vessels?

To reduce reliance on fossil fuels and promote sustainability. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basics in Marine Engineering: Remote Control and Monitoring Systems

This textbook is a supplementary resource for classroom lectures, not a standalone technical book.
It was created specifically for Prof. Dr.-Ing. L. Chiotoroiu's lectures.
Duplication and any use outside the lecture context is prohibited.
The textbook incorporates results from the "JADE-BLESSC" 2018 project.

Course Introduction (Einführung in Systemüberwachung)

Course offered during the Winter Semester 2024/25.
Targeting undergraduate students.
Coordinated by Prof. Dr.-Ing. L. Chiotoroiu.
Consists of 2 lectures per week, potentially delivered in a hybrid or online format via Zoom.
Consultation hours are available on Tuesdays, from 11:30 to 13:00.
125 hours of study time is expected for the course, with approximately 65 hours dedicated to self-study.
Course structure is organized into five major parts.
Instructional strategies include further reading, visualizations (videos created using the Lightboard Studio and the free Unitest simulator), independent study assignments, assessment-based exercises (quizzes), and collaborative learning activities (group projects).

Topic 1: Familiarisation with the Machinery Space

Successful completion allows students to use accepted engineering terms for machinery space descriptions.
Students should be able to describe the general layout and arrangement of machinery and equipment.
Different propulsion systems' advantages and disadvantages are also part of the topic's learning outcomes.

Topic 1.1: Basic Machinery Space Arrangement and Propulsion Architecture

The engine room (machinery space) houses the main engine(s), generators, compressors, pumps, oil purifiers and other crucial machinery.
There's a separate, soundproofed, air-conditioned control room (ECR) for the machinery's control systems.
Engine rooms are often hot, noisy, sometimes dirty, and potentially dangerous due to the presence of flammable fuels, high voltage equipment, and prime movers.

Topic 1.2: Propulsion Architecture and Types

Propulsion system architecture varies based on the ship type and operating profile.
Mechanical propulsion (including diesel-mechanical) is the prevailing technology for most cargo ships due to its high efficiency at full load.
Diesel engine, possibly with a gear reduction box, directly connects to the propeller shaft in 'direct drive' applications.
Diesel-mechanical propulsion with a gear reduction box is common for cargo ships, offering high efficiency at full load.
Mechanical propulsion with multiple shafts and/or multiple engines on one shaft, through a gearbox with clutches, enhances propulsion availability.
Electric propulsion is increasingly used in ferries, offshore vessels (dynamic positioning), ice-breakers, and cruise ships, mainly due to the flexible power demands of the operating profiles. This configuration allows more flexibility in positioning machinery spaces and reduces emissions.
Hybrid propulsion is a combined mechanical and electrical propulsion system used in naval frigates, destroyers, towing vessels etc, optimizing efficiency for ships requiring various operational modes.

Topic 2: Methods to Reduce and Control Gas Emissions

Focuses on Marpol Annex VI regulations addressing CO2, SOx, and NOx emissions from marine diesel engines.
Different green technologies and their advantages/disadvantages are explored.
The chemical properties of LNG, as well as the procedures for bunkering and storage onboard are detailed.

1.2.1. Reduction of CO2 Emissions

Focuses on the IMO strategy aiming for a 40% reduction in carbon intensity by 2030 and a Net-zero goal by 2050.
Key terms are defined as EEXI (Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index) and CII (Carbon Intensity Indicator).

1.2.2. Methods to Reduce NOx Emissions

Explores primary methods (modifying engine design) and secondary methods (exhaust treatment) to reduce NOx emissions.
Techniques such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), combustion modifications and flue-gas treatment are detailed.

1.2.3. Methods to Reduce SOx Emissions

Discusses the reduction of sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions through using low-sulfur fuels and exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) commonly referred to as scrubbers.

Topic 3: Steam-, Gas-, Combined, and Diesel-Electric Marine Power Plants

Explores various prime movers used in marine propulsion: reciprocating steam engines, steam turbines, gas turbines, and diesel-electric propulsion.
Explains the operation principles and advantages/disadvantages of each type.

Topic 4: Diesel Mechanic Power Plant. Diesel Engine Fundamentals

Examines fixed and movable components of diesel engines.
Defines and outlines the different types of diesel engines categorizes according to their cylinder arrangement, the admission of air method, and speed.
Describes the operation of a diesel engine (including its cycle) and the associated fundamental components.

Topic 5: Main Diesel Engine Types, Cycles & Timing

Outlines the various types of diesel engines (2- and 4-stroke) and associated nomenclature & operation cycle.
Provides a graphical representation of the valve timing diagram to visualize the process, with the related piston positions inside the engine cylinder.

Topic 6: Combustion and Gas Exchange Processes

Explains the combustion process (including ignition lag phase, uncontrolled/controlled burn & afterburn phases) within a diesel engine cylinder.
Includes visualizations of pressure/volume relationships during the process.
Addresses gas exchange processes, including methods of supercharging (mechanical and turbocharging) and the associated equipment.

Topic 7: Diesel Engine Main Parameters & Fuel Consumption. Dual-Fuel Engines

Defines indicated power, shaft power, propeller power and thrust, and discusses their relationships.
Outlines calculation of SFOC (specific fuel oil consumption) and the daily fuel consumption of a diesel engine, along with the definitions of Admiralty coefficient (AC) and fuel coefficient (FC).
Provides details regarding the operation mechanics of dual-fuel engines and explains the differences between slow and medium-speed DF engines.

Topic 8: Heat Exchangers, Marine Valves, Pump Fundamentals & Simple Pumping System

Discusses the various types of heat exchangers (tubular and plate), and their design applications and differences.
Outlines the main types of marine valves used extensively aboard vessels.
Defines and explains the principles of different types of pumps (positive displacement and roto-dynamic/kinetic).
Outlines the losses in a pumping system and identifies cavitation.

Topic 9: HQ Diagram and Working Procedures of Pumps. Pumps Connected in Series or in Parallel

Defines parameters associated with pumps (HQ diagram), including priming procedures, characteristic curves/lines for centrifugal pumps, and loss-calculations.
Explains the working principles for pumps connected in series and parallel.

Topic 10: Marine Boilers. Steam Properties, Parameters and Steam Generation

Defines steam and differentiates between saturated and superheated steam.
Provides a schematic of marine boiler design.
Outlines the steam generation process for various boiler types, including fire-tube and water-tube designs.
How to obtain various steam characteristics.

Topic 11: Marine Boilers: Main Construction Types and Operating Systems

Presents diagrams and describes different types of marine boilers (fire-tube and water-tube), highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
Details the functionalities of auxiliary and waste-heat boilers, as well as the associated feed-water and fuel-oil supply systems.
Examines different boiler operating procedures.

Topic 12: Freshwater Generator (FWG). Steering Gears

Describes the generation of fresh water from seawater using reverse osmosis or vacuum distillation.
Discusses the various parts of a FWG.

Topic 13: Bridge and Engine Remote & Local Control of the Machine

Explains remote and local control systems for the main engine.
Provides information on components of the system, including the Engine Telegraph System (ETS).
Outlines operating procedures for both remote and local control operations.
Including emergency maneuver and shutdown control processes.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Test your knowledge on liquefied natural gas (LNG) bunkering methods and marine propulsion technology. This quiz covers key concepts like the functionality of LNG storage tanks, various measures for emission reduction, and energy efficiency in ships. Perfect for students and professionals in the maritime and energy sectors!