Liver Lobule Anatomy and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the average transit time for blood across the liver lobule?

  • 10.8 s
  • 7.6 s
  • 9.2 s
  • 8.4 s (correct)

    • What type of cells are anchored to the endothelium of the sinusoids in the liver?

  • Central hepatic vein cells
  • Macrophages (Kupffer cells) (correct)
  • Bile canaliculi cells
  • Hepatocytes

    • Where do the bile canaliculi drain into in the liver?

  • Central hepatic vein
  • Portal venule
  • Intralobular bile ducts (correct)
  • Interlobular bile ducts

    • What happens when cholecystokinin (CCK) is released?

    <p>Sphincter of Oddi relaxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spiral valves in the cystic duct?

    <p>Facilitate bile drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives the interior of the gallbladder a honeycombed appearance?

    <p>Extensive folding of the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main excretory route for lipid-soluble waste products?

    <p>Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for the metabolism of essentially all steroid hormones?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major class of plasma proteins NOT synthesized by the liver?

    <p>Immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is responsible for the golden yellow color of bile?

    <p>Glucuronides of bilirubin and biliverdin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the liver's synthesis of plasma proteins following blood loss?

    <p>Replaces proteins in days to weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system can show apparent overactivity if there is liver disease?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the liver?

    <p>Acinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the central portion of the acinus referred to as zone 1?

    <p>It is well oxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate normal hepatic venous pressure in humans?

    <p>5 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the arrangement that increases the turbulence of bile as it flows out of the gallbladder?

    <p>To reduce gallstone formation risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do hepatic veins drain?

    <p>Inferior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many acini does the human liver contain approximately?

    <p>~100,000 acini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the liver in maintaining blood glucose levels in the postprandial period?

    <p>Removing excess glucose from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of liver failure in relation to glucose levels?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is believed to be the primary driving force for the initial formation of canalicular bile?

    <p>Secretion of bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does cholesterol precipitate, leading to one type of gallstones?

    <p>Deviation from the bile acids: phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the liver in fat metabolism?

    <p>Supporting fatty acid oxidation for energy supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the liver contribute to cholesterol homeostasis?

    <p>By synthesizing most lipoproteins needed by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bile when it flows into the gallbladder?

    <p>It becomes hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the liver are responsible for trapping and breaking down bacteria and other particulates?

    <p>Kupffer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average water content in hepatic bile?

    <p>97%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in hepatocytes?

    <p>Convert toxins to inactive metabolites during phase II detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance forms mixed micelles with the bile acids and cholesterol in canalicular bile?

    <p>Phosphatidylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of osmolarity allows bile to remain isotonic despite becoming hypertonic?

    <p>Colligative property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the peripheral zone (zone 3) of the acinus least well oxygenated?

    <p>Oxygen diffusion limitation from terminal branches of hepatic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the high permeability of hepatic sinusoids?

    <p>Large gaps between endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the arrangement that increases the turbulence of bile from the gallbladder?

    <p>To prevent bile acid precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hepatic veins different from portal veins in terms of oxygenation?

    <p>Hepatic veins receive blood from central lobular veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of acinus being at the end of a vascular stalk?

    <p>It allows for oxygen-rich blood flow into the liver lobules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sphincter of Oddi in the digestive system?

    <p>Prevents bile reflux into the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the honeycombed appearance of the interior of the gallbladder?

    <p>Surface folding of the gallbladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver lobule?

    <p>Anchor to the endothelium and break down particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the common bile duct enter to release bile into the digestive system?

    <p>Duodenum at the duodenal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi to allow bile flow into the duodenum?

    <p>Presence of gastric contents in the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall purpose of the biliary system in relation to digestion and metabolism?

    <p>Facilitate fat digestion and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the skin, scleras, and mucous membranes to turn yellow in jaundice?

    <p>Accumulation of free or conjugated bilirubin in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hyperbilirubinemia due to bile duct obstruction, which type of bilirubin is predominantly elevated in the plasma?

    <p>Conjugated bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is actively secreted into bile across the canalicular membrane as per the text?

    <p>Bile acids, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is disturbed secretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile canaliculi?

    <p>Accumulation of free bilirubin in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process would lead to a rise in free bilirubin in the blood?

    <p>Decreased uptake of bilirubin into hepatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the yellowness observed in jaundice mainly attributed to?

    <p>Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the marked pressure drop along the hepatic arterioles?

    <p>Inverse relationship between hepatic arterial and portal venous blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does adenosine have on the hepatic artery and portal vein?

    <p>Vasodilation only in the hepatic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to adenosine accumulation in the terminal arterioles when portal flow is reduced?

    <p>It accumulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the postprandial period, what happens to the 'reserve' sinusoids in the liver?

    <p>They recruit more blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adenosine in dilating the terminal arterioles?

    <p>It has a direct vasodilator effect on the terminal arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force for the initial formation of canalicular bile?

    <p>Active secretion of bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances passively enter the bile from the plasma by diffusion?

    <p>Water, glucose, calcium, amino acids, urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of bile acids: phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol in canalicular bile?

    <p>10:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bile flows into the gallbladder when the sphincter of Oddi is closed?

    <p>Bile is concentrated by absorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does bile remain isotonic even though it is transiently hypertonic?

    <p>The micelles become larger due to the presence of bile acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for portal pressures not to increase linearly with portal flow until all sinusoids are recruited?

    <p>To prevent fluid loss from the highly permeable liver under normal conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the concentration of solids play in the gallbladder bile?

    <p>Reflects the degree of concentration through water absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bile secretion when the bile duct and cystic duct are clamped?

    <p>Bile secretion stops completely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates gallbladder contraction according to the text?

    <p>Both fatty acids and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the production of bile by enhancing the water and HCO3 − content according to the text?

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are substances that increase the secretion of bile known as?

    <p>Choleretics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to intra-biliary pressure when the bile duct is clamped but the cystic duct is left open?

    <p>It rises only to about 100 mm of bile in several hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in relation to the substances absorbed across the gut wall?

    <p>Serving as the first port for most absorbed nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessel carries blood from the intestines to the liver?

    <p>Portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bile synthesized by the liver?

    <p>Optimizes fat absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel drains blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava?

    <p>Hepatic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is extensively modified when blood percolates through hepatic sinusoids in the liver?

    <p>Hepatic Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key structural feature that allows the liver to conduct a wide range of critical functions?

    <p>Structural and physiologic adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major excretory route for lipid-soluble waste products according to the text?

    <p>Bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily volume of bile secretion mentioned in the text?

    <p>500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the golden yellow color of bile according to the text?

    <p>Glucuronides of bilirubin and biliverdin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of bilirubin in the body based on the text?

    <p>Hemoglobin breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of plasma proteins is NOT synthesized by the liver according to the text?

    <p>Immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can liver disease potentially lead to regarding hormone systems based on the text?

    <p>Apparent overactivity of hormone systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the marked pressure drop along the hepatic arterioles?

    <p>Accumulation of adenosine around the arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is bilirubin transported into bile canaliculi after conjugation?

    <p>Via an active transporter known as UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the dilation of terminal arterioles in the liver?

    <p>Portal flow reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents fluid loss from the highly permeable liver under normal conditions?

    <p>Recruitment of 'reserve' sinusoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has a direct vasodilator effect on the hepatic artery but not on the portal vein?

    <p>Adenosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do many of the sinusoids collapse in the period between meals?

    <p>'Reserve' sinusoid recruitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin to glucuronic acid?

    <p>Glucuronyl transferase (UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel has a lower pressure compared to the pressure in the sinusoids?

    <p>Portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the majority of bilirubin glucuronide formed in the liver?

    <p>It passes via the bile ducts to the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is bilirubin diglucuronide more water-soluble than free bilirubin?

    <p>As a result of conjugation to glucuronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does unconjugated bilirubin differ in permeability compared to conjugated bilirubin in the intestine?

    <p>Unconjugated bilirubin is more permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the enzyme glucuronyl transferase primarily located in liver cells?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

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