Liver Lobule Anatomy and Function

What is the average transit time for blood across the liver lobule?

What type of cells are anchored to the endothelium of the sinusoids in the liver?

Where do the bile canaliculi drain into in the liver?

What happens when cholecystokinin (CCK) is released?

What is the function of the spiral valves in the cystic duct?

What gives the interior of the gallbladder a honeycombed appearance?

What is the main excretory route for lipid-soluble waste products?

Which organ is responsible for the metabolism of essentially all steroid hormones?

What is the major class of plasma proteins NOT synthesized by the liver?

Which compound is responsible for the golden yellow color of bile?

What happens to the liver's synthesis of plasma proteins following blood loss?

Which system can show apparent overactivity if there is liver disease?

What is the functional unit of the liver?

Why is the central portion of the acinus referred to as zone 1?

What is the approximate normal hepatic venous pressure in humans?

What is the purpose of the arrangement that increases the turbulence of bile as it flows out of the gallbladder?

Where do hepatic veins drain?

How many acini does the human liver contain approximately?

What is the main role of the liver in maintaining blood glucose levels in the postprandial period?

Which of the following is a consequence of liver failure in relation to glucose levels?

What is believed to be the primary driving force for the initial formation of canalicular bile?

Why does cholesterol precipitate, leading to one type of gallstones?

What is a key function of the liver in fat metabolism?

How does the liver contribute to cholesterol homeostasis?

What happens to bile when it flows into the gallbladder?

Which type of cells in the liver are responsible for trapping and breaking down bacteria and other particulates?

What is the average water content in hepatic bile?

What is the primary role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in hepatocytes?

Which substance forms mixed micelles with the bile acids and cholesterol in canalicular bile?

What property of osmolarity allows bile to remain isotonic despite becoming hypertonic?

Why is the peripheral zone (zone 3) of the acinus least well oxygenated?

What contributes to the high permeability of hepatic sinusoids?

What is the primary function of the arrangement that increases the turbulence of bile from the gallbladder?

Why are hepatic veins different from portal veins in terms of oxygenation?

What is the significance of acinus being at the end of a vascular stalk?

What is the role of the sphincter of Oddi in the digestive system?

What contributes to the honeycombed appearance of the interior of the gallbladder?

What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver lobule?

Where does the common bile duct enter to release bile into the digestive system?

What leads to the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi to allow bile flow into the duodenum?

What is the overall purpose of the biliary system in relation to digestion and metabolism?

What causes the skin, scleras, and mucous membranes to turn yellow in jaundice?

In hyperbilirubinemia due to bile duct obstruction, which type of bilirubin is predominantly elevated in the plasma?

What is actively secreted into bile across the canalicular membrane as per the text?

What happens when there is disturbed secretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile canaliculi?

Which process would lead to a rise in free bilirubin in the blood?

What is the yellowness observed in jaundice mainly attributed to?

What is the reason for the marked pressure drop along the hepatic arterioles?

What effect does adenosine have on the hepatic artery and portal vein?

What happens to adenosine accumulation in the terminal arterioles when portal flow is reduced?

During the postprandial period, what happens to the 'reserve' sinusoids in the liver?

What is the role of adenosine in dilating the terminal arterioles?

What is the primary driving force for the initial formation of canalicular bile?

What substances passively enter the bile from the plasma by diffusion?

What is the approximate ratio of bile acids: phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol in canalicular bile?

What happens to bile flows into the gallbladder when the sphincter of Oddi is closed?

Why does bile remain isotonic even though it is transiently hypertonic?

Why is it important for portal pressures not to increase linearly with portal flow until all sinusoids are recruited?

What role does the concentration of solids play in the gallbladder bile?

What happens to bile secretion when the bile duct and cystic duct are clamped?

What stimulates gallbladder contraction according to the text?

What increases the production of bile by enhancing the water and HCO3 − content according to the text?

What are substances that increase the secretion of bile known as?

What happens to intra-biliary pressure when the bile duct is clamped but the cystic duct is left open?

What is the primary role of the liver in relation to the substances absorbed across the gut wall?

Which blood vessel carries blood from the intestines to the liver?

What is the function of bile synthesized by the liver?

Which vessel drains blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava?

What is extensively modified when blood percolates through hepatic sinusoids in the liver?

What is a key structural feature that allows the liver to conduct a wide range of critical functions?

What is the major excretory route for lipid-soluble waste products according to the text?

What is the approximate daily volume of bile secretion mentioned in the text?

What contributes to the golden yellow color of bile according to the text?

What is the primary source of bilirubin in the body based on the text?

Which class of plasma proteins is NOT synthesized by the liver according to the text?

What can liver disease potentially lead to regarding hormone systems based on the text?

What is the main reason for the marked pressure drop along the hepatic arterioles?

How is bilirubin transported into bile canaliculi after conjugation?

What contributes to the dilation of terminal arterioles in the liver?

What prevents fluid loss from the highly permeable liver under normal conditions?

What has a direct vasodilator effect on the hepatic artery but not on the portal vein?

Why do many of the sinusoids collapse in the period between meals?

What is the enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin to glucuronic acid?

Which vessel has a lower pressure compared to the pressure in the sinusoids?

What happens to the majority of bilirubin glucuronide formed in the liver?

Why is bilirubin diglucuronide more water-soluble than free bilirubin?

How does unconjugated bilirubin differ in permeability compared to conjugated bilirubin in the intestine?

Where is the enzyme glucuronyl transferase primarily located in liver cells?