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What is the primary function of bile in the human body?

Excretion of hydrophobic molecules

Neutralization of gastric acid

Emulsification and solubilization of fats for absorption

All of the above (correct)

Where is bile stored and concentrated before being released into the small intestine?

Bile canaliculi

Hepatic ducts

Liver

Gallbladder (correct)

What is the purpose of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids?

To emulsify and solubilize dietary fats

To excrete hydrophobic molecules from the body

To recycle bile acids and maintain the bile acid pool (correct)

To neutralize gastric acid in the small intestine

What is the role of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the digestive system?

It allows for the entry of the bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cystic duct in the biliary system?

It transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

How does the ingestion of bile-binding resins, such as cholestyramine, affect the bile acid pool?

It reduces the bile acid pool by causing fecal excretion of bile acids Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of gallstones described in the text?

Cholesterol gallstones and pigment gallstones Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of pigment gallstones according to the text?

Hemolytic disease with excess bilirubin excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the yellow discoloration in jaundice?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the reticuloendothelial system in bilirubin production?

It phagocytizes hemoglobin and opens the heme ring to form biliverdin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid?

It allows bilirubin to be excreted from the hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of jaundice due to obstruction of the bile ducts?

Excess production of conjugated bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of advanced liver disease on the circulation?

Increased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Which abnormal vessels are associated with liver disease?

Spider angiomas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for respiratory alkalosis in hepatopulmonary syndrome?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What renal consequence can result from liver disease and decreased GFR?

Hepatorenal syndrome Signup and view all the answers

In chronic liver disease, what is a usual cause of excessive bleeding?

Endothelial dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which liver function test directly determines the amount of clotting factors available?

Prothrombin time (PT) Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is released as a result of hepatocyte damage?

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition reflects disruptions in hepatic urea synthesis?

Hyperammonemia Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect can liver disease have on the sensitivity to certain drugs?

Increased sensitivity to sedatives Signup and view all the answers

What does liver dysfunction primarily affect concerning plasma proteins?

Reduces plasma proteins which affects distribution of drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely composition of the gallstones in the 34-year-old man with sickle cell disease and upper right quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting?

Bile pigments Signup and view all the answers

The ammonia released during deamination of amino acids is removed from the blood almost entirely by the conversion into which substance?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment using hepatocytes to test means to effectively support regeneration of liver cells, hepatocyte viability is best documented by an increase in which function of these cells in vitro?

Albumin output Signup and view all the answers

Erythrocytes are constantly dying and being replaced. Heme from the hemoglobin is converted to what substance before being eliminated from the body?

Bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types protects against sepsis secondary to translocation of intestinal bacteria?

Kupffer cell Signup and view all the answers

A 60-year-old man comes to his physician complaining of a progressive increase in his girth despite attempts to diet. What is the most likely cause of this?

Decreased pseudocholinesterase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?

To store glycogen from consumed glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hepatic lipid metabolism is incorrect?

The liver synthesizes most lipoproteins, except low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in protein metabolism?

To deaminate amino acids and convert ammonia to urea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the liver in blood coagulation?

To synthesize fibrinogen, prothrombin, and most coagulation factors except factors III, VIII, and von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the liver's role in drug metabolism is incorrect?

The liver detoxifies drugs by converting them into more bioactive forms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

To ingest pathogens entering the blood via the gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the liver's role in ammonia homeostasis is correct?

The liver converts circulating ammonia to urea via the urea cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of cholesterol in the liver?

Both dietary cholesterol and de novo synthesis contribute equally Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism is correct?

The liver maintains blood glucose levels by releasing or storing glucose as needed. Signup and view all the answers

Decreased pseudocholinesterase levels lead to decreased hepatic clearance of medications.

True Signup and view all the answers

Elevated liver enzymes are always due to underlying liver disease.

False Signup and view all the answers

The ammonia released during deamination of amino acids is removed from the blood by conversion into urea.

True Signup and view all the answers

Increased albumin output in hepatocytes in vitro indicates improved liver cell regeneration.

True Signup and view all the answers

Heme from hemoglobin is converted to cholesterol before being eliminated from the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of bile in the human body?

Where is bile stored and concentrated before being released into the small intestine?

What is the purpose of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids?

What is the role of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the digestive system?

What is the purpose of the cystic duct in the biliary system?

How does the ingestion of bile-binding resins, such as cholestyramine, affect the bile acid pool?

What are the two main types of gallstones described in the text?

What is the main cause of pigment gallstones according to the text?

What is the main cause of the yellow discoloration in jaundice?

What is the main role of the reticuloendothelial system in bilirubin production?

What is the main function of the conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid?

What is the main cause of jaundice due to obstruction of the bile ducts?

What is the main consequence of advanced liver disease on the circulation?

Which abnormal vessels are associated with liver disease?

What is the primary reason for respiratory alkalosis in hepatopulmonary syndrome?

What renal consequence can result from liver disease and decreased GFR?

In chronic liver disease, what is a usual cause of excessive bleeding?

Which liver function test directly determines the amount of clotting factors available?

What enzyme is released as a result of hepatocyte damage?

Which condition reflects disruptions in hepatic urea synthesis?

What potential effect can liver disease have on the sensitivity to certain drugs?

What does liver dysfunction primarily affect concerning plasma proteins?

What is the most likely composition of the gallstones in the 34-year-old man with sickle cell disease and upper right quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting?

The ammonia released during deamination of amino acids is removed from the blood almost entirely by the conversion into which substance?

In an experiment using hepatocytes to test means to effectively support regeneration of liver cells, hepatocyte viability is best documented by an increase in which function of these cells in vitro?

Erythrocytes are constantly dying and being replaced. Heme from the hemoglobin is converted to what substance before being eliminated from the body?

Which of the following cell types protects against sepsis secondary to translocation of intestinal bacteria?

A 60-year-old man comes to his physician complaining of a progressive increase in his girth despite attempts to diet. What is the most likely cause of this?

What is the primary function of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?

Which of the following statements about hepatic lipid metabolism is incorrect?

What is the primary function of the liver in protein metabolism?

Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver?

What is the primary function of the liver in blood coagulation?

Which of the following statements about the liver's role in drug metabolism is incorrect?

What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

Which of the following statements about the liver's role in ammonia homeostasis is correct?

What is the primary source of cholesterol in the liver?

Which of the following statements about the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism is correct?

Decreased pseudocholinesterase levels lead to decreased hepatic clearance of medications.

Elevated liver enzymes are always due to underlying liver disease.

The ammonia released during deamination of amino acids is removed from the blood by conversion into urea.

Increased albumin output in hepatocytes in vitro indicates improved liver cell regeneration.

Heme from hemoglobin is converted to cholesterol before being eliminated from the body.

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