43 Questions
What is the primary function of bile in the human body?
All of the above
Where is bile stored and concentrated before being released into the small intestine?
Gallbladder
What is the purpose of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids?
To recycle bile acids and maintain the bile acid pool
What is the role of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the digestive system?
It allows for the entry of the bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum
What is the purpose of the cystic duct in the biliary system?
It transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder
How does the ingestion of bile-binding resins, such as cholestyramine, affect the bile acid pool?
It reduces the bile acid pool by causing fecal excretion of bile acids
What are the two main types of gallstones described in the text?
Cholesterol gallstones and pigment gallstones
What is the main cause of pigment gallstones according to the text?
Hemolytic disease with excess bilirubin excretion
What is the main cause of the yellow discoloration in jaundice?
All of the above
What is the main role of the reticuloendothelial system in bilirubin production?
It phagocytizes hemoglobin and opens the heme ring to form biliverdin
What is the main function of the conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid?
It allows bilirubin to be excreted from the hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi
What is the main cause of jaundice due to obstruction of the bile ducts?
Excess production of conjugated bilirubin
What is the main consequence of advanced liver disease on the circulation?
Increased cardiac output
Which abnormal vessels are associated with liver disease?
Spider angiomas
What is the primary reason for respiratory alkalosis in hepatopulmonary syndrome?
Hypoxia
What renal consequence can result from liver disease and decreased GFR?
Hepatorenal syndrome
In chronic liver disease, what is a usual cause of excessive bleeding?
Endothelial dysfunction
Which liver function test directly determines the amount of clotting factors available?
Prothrombin time (PT)
What enzyme is released as a result of hepatocyte damage?
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Which condition reflects disruptions in hepatic urea synthesis?
Hyperammonemia
What potential effect can liver disease have on the sensitivity to certain drugs?
Increased sensitivity to sedatives
What does liver dysfunction primarily affect concerning plasma proteins?
Reduces plasma proteins which affects distribution of drugs
What is the most likely composition of the gallstones in the 34-year-old man with sickle cell disease and upper right quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting?
Bile pigments
The ammonia released during deamination of amino acids is removed from the blood almost entirely by the conversion into which substance?
Urea
In an experiment using hepatocytes to test means to effectively support regeneration of liver cells, hepatocyte viability is best documented by an increase in which function of these cells in vitro?
Albumin output
Erythrocytes are constantly dying and being replaced. Heme from the hemoglobin is converted to what substance before being eliminated from the body?
Bilirubin
Which of the following cell types protects against sepsis secondary to translocation of intestinal bacteria?
Kupffer cell
A 60-year-old man comes to his physician complaining of a progressive increase in his girth despite attempts to diet. What is the most likely cause of this?
Decreased pseudocholinesterase
What is the primary function of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?
To store glycogen from consumed glucose
Which of the following statements about hepatic lipid metabolism is incorrect?
The liver synthesizes most lipoproteins, except low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
What is the primary function of the liver in protein metabolism?
To deaminate amino acids and convert ammonia to urea
Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver?
Vitamin C
What is the primary function of the liver in blood coagulation?
To synthesize fibrinogen, prothrombin, and most coagulation factors except factors III, VIII, and von Willebrand factor
Which of the following statements about the liver's role in drug metabolism is incorrect?
The liver detoxifies drugs by converting them into more bioactive forms
What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?
To ingest pathogens entering the blood via the gastrointestinal tract
Which of the following statements about the liver's role in ammonia homeostasis is correct?
The liver converts circulating ammonia to urea via the urea cycle.
What is the primary source of cholesterol in the liver?
Both dietary cholesterol and de novo synthesis contribute equally
Which of the following statements about the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism is correct?
The liver maintains blood glucose levels by releasing or storing glucose as needed.
Decreased pseudocholinesterase levels lead to decreased hepatic clearance of medications.
True
Elevated liver enzymes are always due to underlying liver disease.
False
The ammonia released during deamination of amino acids is removed from the blood by conversion into urea.
True
Increased albumin output in hepatocytes in vitro indicates improved liver cell regeneration.
True
Heme from hemoglobin is converted to cholesterol before being eliminated from the body.
False
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