Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal vaccine?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal vaccine?
- Inducing both humoral and cellular immunity
- Providing long-lasting immunity
- Inducing autoimmunity (correct)
- Being easy to administer
What is the main purpose of a Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)?
What is the main purpose of a Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)?
- To monitor vaccine storage temperature (correct)
- To enhance vaccine immunogenicity
- To ensure vaccine affordability
- To prevent vaccine freezing
Why is the Vaccine Cold Chain essential for maintaining vaccine quality?
Why is the Vaccine Cold Chain essential for maintaining vaccine quality?
- To promote vaccine affordability
- To induce autoimmunity in recipients
- To make vaccines easy to store
- To prevent vaccines from denaturing at high temperatures (correct)
What does the central square on a Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) indicate about the vaccine?
What does the central square on a Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) indicate about the vaccine?
Which of the following is a common issue that Electronic Time-Temperature Indicators (ETTI) can detect but heat-detecting VVMs cannot?
Which of the following is a common issue that Electronic Time-Temperature Indicators (ETTI) can detect but heat-detecting VVMs cannot?
How does an ideal vaccine differ from vaccines that may induce autoimmunity or hypersensitivity?
How does an ideal vaccine differ from vaccines that may induce autoimmunity or hypersensitivity?
What is the primary characteristic of live attenuated vaccines?
What is the primary characteristic of live attenuated vaccines?
How are live attenuated vaccines altered to a non-pathogenic form?
How are live attenuated vaccines altered to a non-pathogenic form?
Which type of immunity is desired for viral live attenuated vaccines?
Which type of immunity is desired for viral live attenuated vaccines?
In what form can live attenuated vaccines be given to individuals?
In what form can live attenuated vaccines be given to individuals?
What is the main objective of using live attenuated vaccines as part of immunization programs?
What is the main objective of using live attenuated vaccines as part of immunization programs?
How do live attenuated vaccines compare to infections with wild-type pathogens in terms of immune response?
How do live attenuated vaccines compare to infections with wild-type pathogens in terms of immune response?
What is a key advantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) according to the text?
What is a key advantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) according to the text?
What is the main disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) mentioned in the text?
What is the main disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) mentioned in the text?
How do live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) stimulate immune responses?
How do live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) stimulate immune responses?
What can happen if live attenuated vaccines are not stored properly?
What can happen if live attenuated vaccines are not stored properly?
Why is it critical to properly store live attenuated vaccines?
Why is it critical to properly store live attenuated vaccines?
Why are live attenuated vaccines not suitable for immunosuppressed individuals?
Why are live attenuated vaccines not suitable for immunosuppressed individuals?
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Study Notes
Live Attenuated Vaccine (LAV)
- Infectious microbes stimulate generation of memory cellular and humoral immune responses
- Fewer quantities are needed to induce protection as they can multiply in the host
- A single administration often produces long-lived immunity, eliminating the need for multiple booster doses
- Whole microbes stimulate response to antigens in their natural conformation, raising immune response to all protective antigens
- Some live vaccines can be given orally, inducing mucosal immunity and IgA synthesis, providing more protection at the site of entry
- Oral preparations are less expensive than injections
- They can lead to elimination of wild-type virus from the community
Advantages and Disadvantages of LAV
- Advantages: stimulate generation of memory cellular and humoral immune responses, fewer quantities needed, long-lived immunity, oral administration, and elimination of wild-type virus
- Disadvantages: may rarely revert to virulent form, cannot be given to immunosuppressed individuals, require proper storage, and can spread to contacts
Types of Vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccine (LAV)
- Inactivated or killed vaccines
- Subunit or purified (antigen) vaccines
- Recombinant vaccines
- Conjugate (peptide) vaccines
- DNA vaccines
Ideal Vaccine Characteristics
- Immunogenic
- Induces both humoral and cellular immunity
- Does not induce autoimmunity or hypersensitivity
- Provides long-lasting immunity
- Safe and effective in all subjects (young and old)
- Easy to store and stable in field conditions
- Easy to administer
- Combined and single dose
- Affordable and accessible to all
Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)
- Thermochromic/temperature sensitive label on vaccine vials
- Provides visual indication of whether the vaccine has been kept at a temperature that preserves its potency
- Originally designed for delivering vaccines to developing countries where cold chain preservation is difficult
- Can detect temperature changes, including freezing issues
Vaccine Cold Chain
- System used for storing vaccines in good condition
- Consists of links to keep vaccines potent
- Maintains product quality from manufacture to administration by ensuring vaccines are stored and transported within WHO-recommended temperature ranges
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