18 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal vaccine?
Inducing autoimmunity
What is the main purpose of a Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)?
To monitor vaccine storage temperature
Why is the Vaccine Cold Chain essential for maintaining vaccine quality?
To prevent vaccines from denaturing at high temperatures
What does the central square on a Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM) indicate about the vaccine?
It is still potent and effective
Which of the following is a common issue that Electronic Time-Temperature Indicators (ETTI) can detect but heat-detecting VVMs cannot?
Freezing of vaccines
How does an ideal vaccine differ from vaccines that may induce autoimmunity or hypersensitivity?
Ideal vaccines do not cause autoimmunity or hypersensitivity
What is the primary characteristic of live attenuated vaccines?
They cause limited infection in hosts
How are live attenuated vaccines altered to a non-pathogenic form?
By making them less virulent
Which type of immunity is desired for viral live attenuated vaccines?
Cell-mediated immunity
In what form can live attenuated vaccines be given to individuals?
By injection or orally
What is the main objective of using live attenuated vaccines as part of immunization programs?
To induce a strong immune response without causing disease
How do live attenuated vaccines compare to infections with wild-type pathogens in terms of immune response?
Nearly as good
What is a key advantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) according to the text?
They stimulate the generation of memory cellular and humoral immune responses
What is the main disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) mentioned in the text?
They cannot be safely given to immunosuppressed individuals
How do live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) stimulate immune responses?
By inducing mucosal immunity and IgA synthesis
What can happen if live attenuated vaccines are not stored properly?
They can revert to their virulent form
Why is it critical to properly store live attenuated vaccines?
To maintain their viability and effectiveness
Why are live attenuated vaccines not suitable for immunosuppressed individuals?
Because they can cause serious illness or death in such individuals
Study Notes
Live Attenuated Vaccine (LAV)
- Infectious microbes stimulate generation of memory cellular and humoral immune responses
- Fewer quantities are needed to induce protection as they can multiply in the host
- A single administration often produces long-lived immunity, eliminating the need for multiple booster doses
- Whole microbes stimulate response to antigens in their natural conformation, raising immune response to all protective antigens
- Some live vaccines can be given orally, inducing mucosal immunity and IgA synthesis, providing more protection at the site of entry
- Oral preparations are less expensive than injections
- They can lead to elimination of wild-type virus from the community
Advantages and Disadvantages of LAV
- Advantages: stimulate generation of memory cellular and humoral immune responses, fewer quantities needed, long-lived immunity, oral administration, and elimination of wild-type virus
- Disadvantages: may rarely revert to virulent form, cannot be given to immunosuppressed individuals, require proper storage, and can spread to contacts
Types of Vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccine (LAV)
- Inactivated or killed vaccines
- Subunit or purified (antigen) vaccines
- Recombinant vaccines
- Conjugate (peptide) vaccines
- DNA vaccines
Ideal Vaccine Characteristics
- Immunogenic
- Induces both humoral and cellular immunity
- Does not induce autoimmunity or hypersensitivity
- Provides long-lasting immunity
- Safe and effective in all subjects (young and old)
- Easy to store and stable in field conditions
- Easy to administer
- Combined and single dose
- Affordable and accessible to all
Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)
- Thermochromic/temperature sensitive label on vaccine vials
- Provides visual indication of whether the vaccine has been kept at a temperature that preserves its potency
- Originally designed for delivering vaccines to developing countries where cold chain preservation is difficult
- Can detect temperature changes, including freezing issues
Vaccine Cold Chain
- System used for storing vaccines in good condition
- Consists of links to keep vaccines potent
- Maintains product quality from manufacture to administration by ensuring vaccines are stored and transported within WHO-recommended temperature ranges
Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines, including their ability to stimulate immune responses and induce long-lived immunity with fewer doses. Understand why multiple booster shots may not always be necessary.
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