Live Attenuated Vaccines: Advantages and Disadvantages

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What is the role of dendritic cells and macrophages after a vaccine is injected?

Activate the lymphocytes directly

Take up the components of the vaccine with the help of PRRs (correct)

Initiate the formation of memory B and T cells

Produce antibodies to fight the pathogen

What do Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) do after getting activated?

Directly attack the pathogen

Move towards lymph nodes in near areas (correct)

Release pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Produce antibodies to fight the pathogen

What is the outcome of antigen recognition by lymphocytes?

Clonal expansion of antigen-specific B and T-lymphocytes (correct)

Activation of dendritic cells and macrophages

Formation of memory B and T cells

Release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

How does long-term protection against the pathogen occur?

When memory B and T cells are formed Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccines can induce the expression of antigens that resemble native viral epitopes more closely than standard vaccines?

DNA/mRNA vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the major disadvantage of DNA/mRNA vaccines according to the text?

They cannot be the substitute for polysaccharide-based subunit vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of DNA/mRNA vaccines in terms of antigen expression?

They can induce the expression of antigens that resemble native viral epitopes more closely than standard vaccines Signup and view all the answers

Why are DNA/mRNA vaccines considered advantageous for rapid, large-scale production?

Sequences can be produced quickly, and the coding sequence can be manipulated in many ways Signup and view all the answers

What limits the extent of the usage of DNA vaccines according to the text?

Outer capsids made up of polysaccharides in certain microbes Signup and view all the answers

In what way do DNA/mRNA vaccines differ from live attenuated and killed vaccines?

DNA/mRNA vaccines can induce the expression of antigens that resemble native viral epitopes more closely than standard vaccines Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine-preventable disease had a 100% reduction in morbidities postvaccine?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated annual morbidity reduction percentage for measles postvaccine?

99% Signup and view all the answers

Which region experienced the world's second largest Ebola outbreak in 2018-2020?

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Signup and view all the answers

What was the case-fatality rate of Ebola virus disease (EVD) mentioned in the text?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome post vaccinations for the 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak?

~98% effective in stopping Ebola virus transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of live attenuated vaccines according to the text?

They are prepared from attenuated strains almost devoid of pathogenicity Signup and view all the answers

How are live, attenuated vaccines prepared according to the text?

By serial passages through a foreign host for multiple generations Signup and view all the answers

What measure was taken by the DRC's ministry of health in response to the 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak, as mentioned in the text?

Enhanced surveillance and systematic screening of travelers Signup and view all the answers

What was unique about the rVSV-ZEBOV-GP vaccine mentioned in the text?

It was given conditional marketing authorization due to its effectiveness Signup and view all the answers

How many lives are estimated to be saved every year because of vaccines according to the text?

2-3 million lives Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine can often confer lifelong immunity with only one or two doses?

Live, attenuated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of inactivated whole virus vaccines in areas where people don’t have regular access to health care?

They stimulate a weaker immune response than live vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of live, attenuated vaccines for individuals with weakened immune systems?

They can't be given to individuals with weakened immune systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of inactivated whole virus vaccines over live, attenuated vaccines?

They are cheaper and easily accessible to people in developing countries Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine is made by purifying the bacterial exotoxin and suppressing or inactivating its toxicity?

Toxoid vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of DNA vaccines in terms of antigen expression?

They directly introduce plasmids into the appropriate tissue Signup and view all the answers

What technology involves sequencing the genome of a pathogen to specifically select a virulence factor responsible for causing disease?

Next generation technologies Reverse vaccinology Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine stimulates a weaker immune response than do live vaccines?

Inactivated/Inert/Killed (antigen) vaccines Signup and view all the answers

Why do conjugate vaccines attach polysaccharides to a stronger protein?

To disguise bacterial antigens so that immature immune systems can't recognize them Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of nucleic acid vaccines compared to traditional vaccines?

They are quick to make and less expensive Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of DNA/mRNA vaccines for rapid, large-scale production?

They are easy and quick to make Signup and view all the answers