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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
What is a characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
- They are solid at room temperature
- They are always saturated
- They are readily oxidized (correct)
- They are only found in animals
What is the function of waxes in nature?
What is the function of waxes in nature?
- To regulate body temperature
- To provide a natural protective layer (correct)
- To provide energy
- To help with digestion
What is a use of waxes in pharmaceuticals?
What is a use of waxes in pharmaceuticals?
- As a coating for pills
- As a preservative
- As a vehicle for injections (correct)
- As a flavoring agent
What is the structure of lecithin?
What is the structure of lecithin?
What is a type of sterol?
What is a type of sterol?
What is a function of fat-soluble vitamins?
What is a function of fat-soluble vitamins?
What is a source of ricinoleic acid?
What is a source of ricinoleic acid?
What is the purpose of steaming castor oil?
What is the purpose of steaming castor oil?
What is a use of castor oil cake?
What is a use of castor oil cake?
What is a byproduct of castor oil production?
What is a byproduct of castor oil production?
What is the primary purpose of deodorization in Cod liver oil processing?
What is the primary purpose of deodorization in Cod liver oil processing?
What percentage of Cod liver oil consists of unsaturated fatty acids?
What percentage of Cod liver oil consists of unsaturated fatty acids?
Which type of fatty acid has a hydrophobic end?
Which type of fatty acid has a hydrophobic end?
What is the primary difference between Shark liver oil and Cod liver oil?
What is the primary difference between Shark liver oil and Cod liver oil?
What is the primary component of oils and fats?
What is the primary component of oils and fats?
What is the purpose of adding antioxidants like Dodecyl gallate and Octyl gallate to Cod liver oil?
What is the purpose of adding antioxidants like Dodecyl gallate and Octyl gallate to Cod liver oil?
Which type of lipid can be extracted by lipoidal solvents and is insoluble in polar solvents?
Which type of lipid can be extracted by lipoidal solvents and is insoluble in polar solvents?
What is the characteristic of fatty acids that determines their properties?
What is the characteristic of fatty acids that determines their properties?
What is the minimum amount of Vitamin A required in standardized Cod liver oil?
What is the minimum amount of Vitamin A required in standardized Cod liver oil?
Which of the following fatty acids is NOT a component of Cod liver oil?
Which of the following fatty acids is NOT a component of Cod liver oil?
What is the type of fatty acid that has a cis configuration?
What is the type of fatty acid that has a cis configuration?
What is the primary use of Cod liver oil?
What is the primary use of Cod liver oil?
Which type of lipid can be found in plant and animal kingdoms?
Which type of lipid can be found in plant and animal kingdoms?
What is the primary difference between fixed oils and volatile oils?
What is the primary difference between fixed oils and volatile oils?
What is the type of fatty acid that is liquid at room temperature?
What is the type of fatty acid that is liquid at room temperature?
Which type of lipid has a phosphate group?
Which type of lipid has a phosphate group?
What is the type of fatty acid that is solid at room temperature?
What is the type of fatty acid that is solid at room temperature?
Which type of lipid is an important group of compounds that include long chain fatty acids and alcohols?
Which type of lipid is an important group of compounds that include long chain fatty acids and alcohols?
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Study Notes
Lipids
- Lipids are soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents (e.g., Benzene, hexane, CCl4).
- Examples of lipids: fatty acids, neutral fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Properties of Lipids
- Lipids are insoluble in water and have a greasy, oily feel.
- They can stain paper and have a characteristic odor.
- Lipids can be simple (fixed oils, fats, waxes) or complex (phosphatides, phospholipids, glycolipids, lecithins).
- Complex lipids may contain phosphorus, nitrogen, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Classification of Lipids
- Fixed oils and fats: triglycerides (esters of glycerol and fatty acids).
- Waxes: esters of higher fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.
- Phospholipids: contain phosphorus and are found in cell membranes.
- Sterols: steroids with a hydroxyl group, found in cholesterol and bile acids.
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids.
- Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds.
- Fatty acid content determines the properties of lipids.
Waxes
- Waxes are esters of higher fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.
- They have importance in nature (e.g., natural protective layer in fruits, vegetables, and swimming birds).
- Examples: beeswax (myricyl palmitate), spermaceti (cetyl palmitate).
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes.
- Lecithin (phosphatidyl choline) is a phospholipid.
Sterols
- Sterols are steroids with a hydroxyl group.
- Examples: cholesterol, bile acids, and sex hormones.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestines and transported by lipoproteins.
- Examples: vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Castor Oil
- Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis.
- It contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid (85%), isoricinoleic acid, stearic acid, and dihydroxy-stearic acid.
- Castor oil has medicinal uses and is a source of ricinoleic acid.
Volatile Oils
- Volatile oils are different from fixed oils and can evaporate at room temperature.
- They are highly odorous and occur in specialized structures in plants.
- Examples: terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes.
Terpene Classes
- Hemiterpenes: 5-carbon terpenes.
- Monoterpenes: 10-carbon terpenes.
- Sesquiterpenes: 15-carbon terpenes.
- Diterpenes: 20-carbon terpenes.
- Sesterterpenes: 25-carbon terpenes.
- Triterpenes: 30-carbon terpenes.
- Carotenoids: 40-carbon terpenes.
- Polyprenes: varying carbon chains.
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