28 Questions
What is a characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?
They are readily oxidized
What is the function of waxes in nature?
To provide a natural protective layer
What is a use of waxes in pharmaceuticals?
As a vehicle for injections
What is the structure of lecithin?
A phospholipid
What is a type of sterol?
Cholesterol
What is a function of fat-soluble vitamins?
To maintain healthy vision
What is a source of ricinoleic acid?
Castor oil
What is the purpose of steaming castor oil?
To coagulate ricin and lipase
What is a use of castor oil cake?
As manure
What is a byproduct of castor oil production?
Both A and B
What is the primary purpose of deodorization in Cod liver oil processing?
To remove aldehydes and ketone impurities
What percentage of Cod liver oil consists of unsaturated fatty acids?
85%
Which type of fatty acid has a hydrophobic end?
Saturated fatty acid
What is the primary difference between Shark liver oil and Cod liver oil?
Vitamin D content
What is the primary component of oils and fats?
Triglycerides
What is the purpose of adding antioxidants like Dodecyl gallate and Octyl gallate to Cod liver oil?
To preserve the oil and prevent spoilage
Which type of lipid can be extracted by lipoidal solvents and is insoluble in polar solvents?
Lipids
What is the characteristic of fatty acids that determines their properties?
Fatty acid content
What is the minimum amount of Vitamin A required in standardized Cod liver oil?
600 units
Which of the following fatty acids is NOT a component of Cod liver oil?
Arachidic acid
What is the type of fatty acid that has a cis configuration?
Oleic acid
What is the primary use of Cod liver oil?
As a Vitamin supplement
Which type of lipid can be found in plant and animal kingdoms?
Lipids
What is the primary difference between fixed oils and volatile oils?
Their ability to evaporate at room temperature
What is the type of fatty acid that is liquid at room temperature?
Oleic acid
Which type of lipid has a phosphate group?
Phospholipids
What is the type of fatty acid that is solid at room temperature?
Palmitic acid
Which type of lipid is an important group of compounds that include long chain fatty acids and alcohols?
Fatty esters
Study Notes
Lipids
- Lipids are soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents (e.g., Benzene, hexane, CCl4).
- Examples of lipids: fatty acids, neutral fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, sterols, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Properties of Lipids
- Lipids are insoluble in water and have a greasy, oily feel.
- They can stain paper and have a characteristic odor.
- Lipids can be simple (fixed oils, fats, waxes) or complex (phosphatides, phospholipids, glycolipids, lecithins).
- Complex lipids may contain phosphorus, nitrogen, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Classification of Lipids
- Fixed oils and fats: triglycerides (esters of glycerol and fatty acids).
- Waxes: esters of higher fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.
- Phospholipids: contain phosphorus and are found in cell membranes.
- Sterols: steroids with a hydroxyl group, found in cholesterol and bile acids.
Fatty Acids
- Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids.
- Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds.
- Fatty acid content determines the properties of lipids.
Waxes
- Waxes are esters of higher fatty acids and long-chain alcohols.
- They have importance in nature (e.g., natural protective layer in fruits, vegetables, and swimming birds).
- Examples: beeswax (myricyl palmitate), spermaceti (cetyl palmitate).
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes.
- Lecithin (phosphatidyl choline) is a phospholipid.
Sterols
- Sterols are steroids with a hydroxyl group.
- Examples: cholesterol, bile acids, and sex hormones.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestines and transported by lipoproteins.
- Examples: vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Castor Oil
- Castor oil is obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis.
- It contains triglycerides of ricinoleic acid (85%), isoricinoleic acid, stearic acid, and dihydroxy-stearic acid.
- Castor oil has medicinal uses and is a source of ricinoleic acid.
Volatile Oils
- Volatile oils are different from fixed oils and can evaporate at room temperature.
- They are highly odorous and occur in specialized structures in plants.
- Examples: terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes.
Terpene Classes
- Hemiterpenes: 5-carbon terpenes.
- Monoterpenes: 10-carbon terpenes.
- Sesquiterpenes: 15-carbon terpenes.
- Diterpenes: 20-carbon terpenes.
- Sesterterpenes: 25-carbon terpenes.
- Triterpenes: 30-carbon terpenes.
- Carotenoids: 40-carbon terpenes.
- Polyprenes: varying carbon chains.
This quiz covers the properties and classification of lipids, including their solubility, types, and characteristics. Test your knowledge of fatty acids, neutral fats, waxes, and more.
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