Biochemistry Chapter 6.2: Lipids

Fatty acids provide energy

It has three hydrogen atoms attached to the first carbon

14 to 24 carbon atoms

<p>The number of carbon atoms and type of bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The carbons in the fatty acid chain have single bonds between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms an acid group</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By its number of carbon atoms and type of bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Even numbers of carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A saturated fatty acid has all carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, while an unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats are typically solid at room temperature because they contain more long-chain saturated fatty acids, whereas oils are liquid due to their high content of unsaturated fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The omega designation refers to the position of the first double bond in the fatty acid chain, counting from the omega end of the molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-linolenic acid is used by cells to synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostaglandins produce a variety of important effects, such as stimulating uterine contractions, regulating blood pressure, and promoting the immune system's inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential fatty acids, particularly DHA and AA, are important for brain development and function, and are transferred from the mother's bloodstream to the fetus during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breast milk from mothers who consume a diet rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids provides essential fatty acids to infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The human brain is composed of approximately 60% fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fetus acquires approximately 80% of its total brain DHA content during the last 3 months of pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DHA and AA fortified infant formula and solid foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaly skin, hair loss, and poor wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.6 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vegetable oils, especially linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen atoms on the same side of the molecule (cis) versus opposite sides (trans)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of heart disease due to raised blood levels of unhealthy cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep-fat frying and adding properties of long-chain saturated fatty acids to foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they structurally resemble saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High oleic oils, rich in monounsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They support nervous system development and overall health</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foods made with PHOs can be stored for longer periods than foods that contain cis fatty acids because trans fatty acids are less likely to undergo oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adding antioxidants to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trans fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 95%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as the 'backbone' of the triglyceride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monounsaturated fatty acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fatty acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fats or unsaturated fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the differences between these fats is essential because diets rich in saturated and trans fats increase the risk of CVD, while diets with more unsaturated fats, especially omega-3s, may reduce the risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phospholipid has a fatty acid replaced by chemical groups containing phosphorus and often nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing them to attract water and oils, keeping them mixed together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids are major structural components of cell membranes, providing flexibility and functionality; their chemical structure enables this.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol is a vital nutrient and a component of every cell membrane, playing a crucial role in their structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lecithin is a rich source of phospholipids, serving as an emulsifier in food, and its choline content is necessary for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterols have a ring structure, making them more complex than triglycerides and phospholipids; cholesterol is a vital sterol and a component of every cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids provide flexibility and functionality to nerve cell membranes, and choline is necessary for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids emulsify oil and water by attracting both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, keeping them mixed together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipid deficiencies are rare in adults because the body synthesizes them and they are found in a variety of foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol is used to synthesize vitamin D and steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver uses cholesterol to produce bile, which acts as an emulsifier to facilitate lipid digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol is found in animal foods such as egg yolk, liver, meat, poultry, whole milk, cheese, and ice cream. The body, primarily the liver, produces cholesterol even if it is not consumed through diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phytosterols and phytostanols are substances found in plants that have a similar chemical structure to cholesterol. They compete with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive tract, reducing the amount of cholesterol that is absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant sterols and stanols may lower elevated blood cholesterol levels, a risk factor for heart disease, by competing with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol has a more complex chemical structure compared to triglycerides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver is the primary organ responsible for producing cholesterol in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive cholesterol production can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).</p> Signup and view all the answers