Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the result of antioxidants donating a hydrogen atom to the lipid peroxy radical species?
What is the result of antioxidants donating a hydrogen atom to the lipid peroxy radical species?
- Release of material from subcellular compartments
- Loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Formation of lipid radical and lipid hydroperoxide
- Formation of nonradical products (correct)
What is a consequence of the peroxidation of membrane lipids?
What is a consequence of the peroxidation of membrane lipids?
- Decreased lipid fluidity (correct)
- Increased lipid fluidity
- Unchanged ion transport
- Increased membrane permeability
What is a type of product formed during lipid peroxidation reactions?
What is a type of product formed during lipid peroxidation reactions?
- Alkanals
- Alkanes
- Alkenals
- All of the above (correct)
What is a property of 4-hydroxynonenal?
What is a property of 4-hydroxynonenal?
What is the basis for subdividing carcinogens into two main types?
What is the basis for subdividing carcinogens into two main types?
What is the result of Schiff base formation with amino groups?
What is the result of Schiff base formation with amino groups?
What is the main mechanism by which chemical carcinogens alter DNA?
What is the main mechanism by which chemical carcinogens alter DNA?
What is the term for the actual metabolite that covalently binds to the DNA?
What is the term for the actual metabolite that covalently binds to the DNA?
What is the purpose of phase I and phase II enzymes in the cell?
What is the purpose of phase I and phase II enzymes in the cell?
What is the term for the process by which a benign tumor becomes a malignant tumor?
What is the term for the process by which a benign tumor becomes a malignant tumor?
What is the result of a gain-of-function mutation in a proto-oncogene?
What is the result of a gain-of-function mutation in a proto-oncogene?
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes and the proteins they encode?
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes and the proteins they encode?
What is the result of a loss-of-function mutation in a tumor suppressor gene?
What is the result of a loss-of-function mutation in a tumor suppressor gene?
What is the term for the process by which a cell undergoes programmed cell death?
What is the term for the process by which a cell undergoes programmed cell death?
What is the purpose of the electrophilic theory of chemical carcinogenesis?
What is the purpose of the electrophilic theory of chemical carcinogenesis?
What is the term for a tissue swelling, which is technically defined as a tumor?
What is the term for a tissue swelling, which is technically defined as a tumor?
What is the main effect of epigenetic carcinogens on DNA?
What is the main effect of epigenetic carcinogens on DNA?
What type of reactants are genotoxic carcinogens typically?
What type of reactants are genotoxic carcinogens typically?
What is the result of electrophilic genotoxic carcinogens reacting with DNA?
What is the result of electrophilic genotoxic carcinogens reacting with DNA?
What is the difference between activation-dependent and activation-independent carcinogens?
What is the difference between activation-dependent and activation-independent carcinogens?
What is the process by which non-carcinogenic compounds are converted into carcinogenic compounds?
What is the process by which non-carcinogenic compounds are converted into carcinogenic compounds?
What is the ultimate carcinogen in the activation-dependent process?
What is the ultimate carcinogen in the activation-dependent process?
What type of carcinogens do not require metabolic activation to interact with DNA?
What type of carcinogens do not require metabolic activation to interact with DNA?
What is the result of frame shift mutations in the encoded protein?
What is the result of frame shift mutations in the encoded protein?
What is the general term for a malignant neoplasm?
What is the general term for a malignant neoplasm?
What type of radiation is responsible for DNA damage through direct ionization of DNA?
What type of radiation is responsible for DNA damage through direct ionization of DNA?
What is the result of ionizing radiation ionizing water?
What is the result of ionizing radiation ionizing water?
What type of cells do sarcomas originate from?
What type of cells do sarcomas originate from?
What is the primary mechanism of action of epigenetic carcinogens?
What is the primary mechanism of action of epigenetic carcinogens?
What type of agents are inorganic DNA-damaging agents, such as arsenic, chromium, and nickel?
What type of agents are inorganic DNA-damaging agents, such as arsenic, chromium, and nickel?
What is the result of base substitutions in DNA?
What is the result of base substitutions in DNA?
What is the term for the process of abnormal cell growth that exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue?
What is the term for the process of abnormal cell growth that exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue?
What is the term for the gain or loss of one or more chromosomes?
What is the term for the gain or loss of one or more chromosomes?
What is the main difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?
What is the main difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?
In the initiation-promotion model, what is the effect of chronic treatment with a tumor promoter?
In the initiation-promotion model, what is the effect of chronic treatment with a tumor promoter?
What is the primary mechanism of action of tumor promoters?
What is the primary mechanism of action of tumor promoters?
What is the result of deamination of cytosines and S-methylcytosines?
What is the result of deamination of cytosines and S-methylcytosines?
What is the role of tumor promoters in the carcinogenic process?
What is the role of tumor promoters in the carcinogenic process?
What is the term for the replacement of the correct nucleotide by an incorrect one?
What is the term for the replacement of the correct nucleotide by an incorrect one?
What is the ultimate carcinogen formed from benzo[a]pyrene?
What is the ultimate carcinogen formed from benzo[a]pyrene?
What is the term for the addition or deletion of one or a few base pairs in protein coding regions?
What is the term for the addition or deletion of one or a few base pairs in protein coding regions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of tumor promoters?
Which of the following is a characteristic of tumor promoters?
What is the effect of (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 on DNA?
What is the effect of (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-2 on DNA?
What is the result of DNA replication itself being error-prone?
What is the result of DNA replication itself being error-prone?
What type of tumor promoters are phorbol esters?
What type of tumor promoters are phorbol esters?
What is the term for the classification of carcinogens that are not classified as direct carcinogens?
What is the term for the classification of carcinogens that are not classified as direct carcinogens?
What is important for the carcinogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons besides their chemical configuration?
What is important for the carcinogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons besides their chemical configuration?
What is the bay-region theory related to?
What is the bay-region theory related to?
What type of damage can be caused to DNA by carcinogens such as N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methyl methanesulfonate?
What type of damage can be caused to DNA by carcinogens such as N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and methyl methanesulfonate?
What is the most nucleophilic site in DNA?
What is the most nucleophilic site in DNA?
What is the significance of the retention time of DNA adducts in DNA?
What is the significance of the retention time of DNA adducts in DNA?
What is the correlation between the formation of specific DNA adducts and tumorigenicity?
What is the correlation between the formation of specific DNA adducts and tumorigenicity?
What is the significance of identifying specific DNA adducts?
What is the significance of identifying specific DNA adducts?
What is the result of the mutational activation of proto-oncogenes?
What is the result of the mutational activation of proto-oncogenes?
What is the function of the protein products of proto-oncogenes?
What is the function of the protein products of proto-oncogenes?
What is the result of chemical mutagens and carcinogens on mammalian cells?
What is the result of chemical mutagens and carcinogens on mammalian cells?
What percentage of human cancers have a mutated p53 gene?
What percentage of human cancers have a mutated p53 gene?
What is the most common type of p53 mutation in human cancer?
What is the most common type of p53 mutation in human cancer?
In what percentage of colon cancers is p53 mutated?
In what percentage of colon cancers is p53 mutated?
What is the primary function of oncogenes?
What is the primary function of oncogenes?
How many oncogenes have been identified?
How many oncogenes have been identified?
What is the term used to describe p53's function in maintaining genomic stability?
What is the term used to describe p53's function in maintaining genomic stability?
What is the consequence of a severe DNA damage on a cell with a mutated p53?
What is the consequence of a severe DNA damage on a cell with a mutated p53?
What is the role of Ras proteins in cellular signaling?
What is the role of Ras proteins in cellular signaling?
What is the term used to describe the changes in the primary sequence of DNA?
What is the term used to describe the changes in the primary sequence of DNA?
What happens when Ras is bound to GTP?
What happens when Ras is bound to GTP?
What is the result of a mutation in a recessive gene?
What is the result of a mutation in a recessive gene?
What is the result of a mutation in the 12th or 61st codon of Ras?
What is the result of a mutation in the 12th or 61st codon of Ras?
What is the term used to describe chemical and physical agents that can produce a mutation?
What is the term used to describe chemical and physical agents that can produce a mutation?
What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
What is the consequence of a point mutation involving a single base pair substitution?
What is the consequence of a point mutation involving a single base pair substitution?
What is the effect of inactivating tumor suppressor genes?
What is the effect of inactivating tumor suppressor genes?
How many tumor suppressor genes have been identified?
How many tumor suppressor genes have been identified?
What is the result of a nonsense mutation?
What is the result of a nonsense mutation?
What is the function of p53 protein?
What is the function of p53 protein?
What is the effect of a single point mutation in the p53 protein?
What is the effect of a single point mutation in the p53 protein?
