Lipid Metabolism and Energy Sources

<p>10.5 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits glycogen synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylates glycerol using ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Via the addition of CoA and ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can diffuse freely across membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerol is phosphorylated using ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of carnitine acyltransferase 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits glycolysis by inhibiting pyruvate kinase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carnitine transporter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetyl-CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fats carry more energy per carbon and contain less water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intestinal lymphatic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of acetyl-CoA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces 1 fewer FADH2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bound to serum albumin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a hydride acceptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow for transport through chylomicrons, avoiding hepatic metabolism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An alcohol on the β carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH and FADH2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Land mammals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport via specific transporters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of digesting, mobilizing, and oxidizing fats (lipids) and synthesizing them from other molecules for energy production and other biological functions.

A major energy source, crucial for organs like the heart and liver, obtaining energy from fatty acids.

Packages for transporting hydrophobic lipid molecules in the bloodstream.

The process of releasing stored fats for use as an energy source.

Fats store more energy per unit of weight compared to carbohydrates.

Proteins that package hydrophobic lipids for transport in the blood.

Fatty acids are oxidized within muscle cells to produce ATP for muscle contraction and other metabolic processes.

A major source of dietary fat used for energy in the body.

PKA inhibits glycogen synthase, preventing glycogen creation, and activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase, promoting glycogen breakdown into glucose.

PKA inhibits glycolysis by inhibiting PFK-2 and pyruvate kinase, reducing glucose usage.

Glycerol is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to enter glycolysis, generating energy from fats.

Fatty acids are converted to fatty acyl-CoA for transport into the mitochondria for oxidation.

Fatty acids convert to fatty acyl-CoA using fatty acyl-CoA synthetase via ATP hydrolysis, releasing AMP and PPi.

Large fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria via acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter.

Small fatty acids (<12 carbons) directly cross mitochondrial membranes and don't need a transporter.

A transporter that aids fatty acid entry into the mitochondria. It is a crucial part of that process involving fatty acids.

The process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, generating NADH and FADH2 for ATP production.

An enzyme involved in the β-oxidation pathway that catalyzes the first step, creating FADH2.

An enzyme in the β-oxidation pathway oxidizing a hydroxyl group, generating NADH.

NADH and FADH2 act as electron carriers in the electron transport chain, ultimately driving ATP synthesis.

The complete oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA yields approximately 108 ATP molecules.

The breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, occurring in three stages in the mitochondria: oxidative conversion to acetyl-CoA, oxidation of acetyl-CoA, and ATP production from NADH/FADH2 via oxidative phosphorylation

The process of removing two-carbon acetyl-CoA units from a fatty acid chain, generating NADH and FADH2

Enzyme that hydrates the double bond created in the previous step.

Enzyme that oxidizes the alcohol group, producing another NADH molecule.

Enzyme that cleaves the fatty acyl chain, releasing acetyl-CoA.

Oxidation of fatty acids with double bonds, producing one less FADH2 molecule in the initial cycle.

Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondria. The electron transport chain is also present in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).