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Questions and Answers
Where does fatty acid oxidation occur in muscle?
Where does fatty acid oxidation occur in muscle?
What is the approximate energy yield of fatty acid oxidation per mole compared to glucose?
What is the approximate energy yield of fatty acid oxidation per mole compared to glucose?
Why is glucose the preferred fuel during sudden bursts of muscular activity?
Why is glucose the preferred fuel during sudden bursts of muscular activity?
What is the role of insulin in relation to HSL?
What is the role of insulin in relation to HSL?
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What is the outcome of beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What is the outcome of beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
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What is the name of the rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by the accumulation of phytanic acid?
What is the name of the rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by the accumulation of phytanic acid?
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Why does phytanic acid undergo alpha-oxidation?
Why does phytanic acid undergo alpha-oxidation?
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What is the primary symptom of Refsum disease?
What is the primary symptom of Refsum disease?
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What is the treatment for Refsum disease?
What is the treatment for Refsum disease?
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What is the free energy change sufficient to generate in ATP production during fatty acid oxidation?
What is the free energy change sufficient to generate in ATP production during fatty acid oxidation?
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What is a characteristic of ketone bodies that makes them important sources of energy for peripheral tissues?
What is a characteristic of ketone bodies that makes them important sources of energy for peripheral tissues?
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Why is the liver unable to use ketone bodies as fuel?
Why is the liver unable to use ketone bodies as fuel?
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What is the result of excessive production of ketone bodies in diabetes mellitus?
What is the result of excessive production of ketone bodies in diabetes mellitus?
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What is the origin of the fruity odor on the breath in diabetic ketoacidosis?
What is the origin of the fruity odor on the breath in diabetic ketoacidosis?
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What is the effect of ketone bodies on the pH of the blood?
What is the effect of ketone bodies on the pH of the blood?
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What is the consequence of excretion of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine?
What is the consequence of excretion of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine?
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What is the effect of the increased number of H+ in a decreased volume of plasma?
What is the effect of the increased number of H+ in a decreased volume of plasma?
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What is a condition in which ketone bodies are produced in excess?
What is a condition in which ketone bodies are produced in excess?
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What is the pKa of the carboxyl group of a ketone body?
What is the pKa of the carboxyl group of a ketone body?
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What is the term for the condition in which the body's pH is lowered due to the production of ketone bodies?
What is the term for the condition in which the body's pH is lowered due to the production of ketone bodies?
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Study Notes
Lipid Metabolism
- Fatty acid oxidation occurs in mitochondria and is a major consumer of fat in muscle.
- Fatty acids are more calorific than glucose, yielding approximately 38 kJ/mol compared to 16 kJ/mol for glucose.
Fatty Acid Oxidation
- Fatty acid oxidation provides quantitatively more ATP than glucose oxidation, but the rate of ATP generation is slower.
- Insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) via dephosphorylation, while glucagon activates HSL via phosphorylation.
- In the fed state, insulin is dominant, while in the fasted state, glucagon is dominant.
β-Oxidation
- β-oxidation is the catabolic process by which FA molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA.
- Acetyl-CoA enters the TCA cycle and produces NADH and FADH2, which are coenzymes used in the electron transport chain.
- β-oxidation is named as such because the β carbon of the FA undergoes oxidation to a second carbon (carbonyl carbon).
α-Oxidation
- Branched-chain, 20 carbon fatty acid, phytanic acid, undergoes α-oxidation because of the methyl group on its β carbon.
- Refsum disease is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by the accumulation of phytanic acid in the plasma and tissues.
Ketone Bodies
- Ketone bodies are important sources of energy for peripheral tissues.
- Ketone bodies are produced in the liver during prolonged fasting and are used in proportion to their concentration in the blood.
- Even the brain can use ketone bodies to help meet its energy needs if the blood levels rise sufficiently.
Ketone Bodies in Diabetes Mellitus
- Excessive production of ketone bodies in diabetes mellitus can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.
- A frequent symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis is a fruity odor on the breath, which results from increased production of acetone.
- Ketoacidosis can cause severe acidosis due to the increased number of H+ circulating in a decreased volume of plasma.
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Description
Learn about the role of fatty acids in muscle energy production, comparing their energy yield with glucose, and understanding fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria.
