42 Questions
What percentage of Americans have elevated total cholesterol levels?
50%
Which lipid profile is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease?
High LDL-C and low HDL-C
What is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease?
Elevated total cholesterol levels
What is a possible cause of very high LDL cholesterol levels (≥ 190 mg/dL)?
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Which medication is not associated with elevated triglycerides?
Statins
What is the risk associated with very elevated triglyceride levels (≥ 500 mg/dL)?
Increased risk of acute pancreatitis
What is the underlying cause of atherosclerosis?
Plaques containing lipids and inflammatory cells
Which physiological response is associated with the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis?
Vasoconstriction
What is the consequence of plaque rupture in atherosclerosis?
Complete or incomplete arterial occlusion
What are some examples of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD)?
Myocardial infarction and stroke
What is the primary cause of very high LDL cholesterol levels?
Genetic disorders
What is the site of atherosclerosis in the blood vessel?
The innermost layer
What is the consequence of increased LDL transport and retention in the intima?
Increased residence time of LDL
What is the possible cause of low HDL cholesterol levels?
Obesity and physical inactivity
What is the role of foam cells in atherosclerosis?
Accumulate lipids and contribute to plaque formation
What are the primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Increasing age, gender, family history
Where is 80% of the body’s total cholesterol produced?
Liver and intestines
Which lipoprotein is the main contributor to atherosclerosis?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
What is the main role of chylomicrons?
Transfer triglycerides and cholesterol from the gut to the liver
What is the main target of statins?
HMG-CoA reductase
What is the precursor to LDL?
IDL
What type of dyslipidemia can result from diet, drugs, disorders, or diseases?
Secondary dyslipidemia
What is the main function of cholesterol in the body?
Cell membrane formation, bile acid precursor, hormone synthesis
How are triglycerides derived?
From the foods we eat and stored energy in adipose tissue
What are the different types of lipoproteins synthesized in the liver?
Chylomicron, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL
What do lipid abnormalities classified using a lipid panel include?
Total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides
What is the main role of HDL in lipid metabolism?
Reverse cholesterol transport
What percentage of Americans have elevated total cholesterol levels?
50%
Which lipid abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease?
High LDL-C levels
What is the leading cause of death in the U.S.?
CHD and other types of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
What is the percentage of Americans with elevated total cholesterol levels?
50%
What is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease?
High LDL-C levels
Which medication is NOT associated with elevated triglycerides?
Statins
What is the underlying cause of very high LDL cholesterol levels (≥ 190 mg/dL)?
Familial hypercholesterolemia
What are some examples of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD)?
Peripheral arterial disease
Which physiological response is associated with the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis?
Decreased plasminogen inhibition increasing coagulation
What is the site of atherosclerosis in the blood vessel?
Intima
Which lipoprotein carries 20-30% of serum cholesterol and is involved in reverse cholesterol transport?
HDL
What is the main target of statins in lipid metabolism?
HMG-CoA reductase
Where is 80% of the body’s total cholesterol produced?
Liver and intestines
What are the precursors to LDL, which are catabolized to form LDL by hepatic lipase (HTGL)?
VLDL and IDL
What are the general risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
High tobacco use
Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease and Lipid Metabolism
- Total cost of cardiovascular disease exceeded $500 billion in 2016
- General risk factors for cardiovascular disease include non-modifiable factors like increasing age, gender, and family history, and modifiable factors like tobacco use, stress, diet, and physical activity
- Primary dyslipidemia includes genetic disorders like hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, while secondary dyslipidemia can result from diet, drugs, disorders, or diseases
- Cholesterol plays a role in cell membrane formation, bile acid precursor, and steroid, hormone, and vitamin D synthesis
- Cholesterol comes from in vivo synthesis, extraction from systemic circulation via lipoproteins, and diet, with triglycerides derived from the foods that we eat and stored energy in adipose tissue
- 80% of the body’s total cholesterol is produced in the liver and intestines through the Mevalonate or HMG-CoA Reductase Pathway
- Lipoproteins are spheres of lipid and protein synthesized in the liver, with different types including chylomicron, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- Chylomicrons transfer triglycerides and cholesterol from the gut to the liver and are catabolized by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) into free fatty acids (FFA) and chylomicron remnants
- VLDL and IDL are precursors to LDL and are catabolized to form LDL by hepatic lipase (HTGL)
- LDL is the main contributor to atherosclerosis and is metabolized in the liver, while HDL carries 20-30% of serum cholesterol and is involved in reverse cholesterol transport
- Statins target HMG-CoA reductase during in vivo synthesis of cholesterol
- Lipid abnormalities are classified using a lipid panel that includes total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides, with non-HDL-C measuring all atherogenic lipoproteins and direct LDL-C levels being ordered separately
Cardiovascular Disease and Lipid Metabolism
- Total cost of cardiovascular disease exceeded $500 billion in 2016
- General risk factors for cardiovascular disease include non-modifiable factors like increasing age, gender, and family history, and modifiable factors like tobacco use, stress, diet, and physical activity
- Primary dyslipidemia includes genetic disorders like hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, while secondary dyslipidemia can result from diet, drugs, disorders, or diseases
- Cholesterol plays a role in cell membrane formation, bile acid precursor, and steroid, hormone, and vitamin D synthesis
- Cholesterol comes from in vivo synthesis, extraction from systemic circulation via lipoproteins, and diet, with triglycerides derived from the foods that we eat and stored energy in adipose tissue
- 80% of the body’s total cholesterol is produced in the liver and intestines through the Mevalonate or HMG-CoA Reductase Pathway
- Lipoproteins are spheres of lipid and protein synthesized in the liver, with different types including chylomicron, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- Chylomicrons transfer triglycerides and cholesterol from the gut to the liver and are catabolized by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) into free fatty acids (FFA) and chylomicron remnants
- VLDL and IDL are precursors to LDL and are catabolized to form LDL by hepatic lipase (HTGL)
- LDL is the main contributor to atherosclerosis and is metabolized in the liver, while HDL carries 20-30% of serum cholesterol and is involved in reverse cholesterol transport
- Statins target HMG-CoA reductase during in vivo synthesis of cholesterol
- Lipid abnormalities are classified using a lipid panel that includes total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides, with non-HDL-C measuring all atherogenic lipoproteins and direct LDL-C levels being ordered separately
Test your knowledge of cardiovascular disease and lipid metabolism with this informative quiz. Explore the roles of cholesterol, lipoproteins, and lipid abnormalities in the development of cardiovascular disease, and learn about risk factors and treatment options.
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