Linguistics: Sound and Meaning

Idioms = Non-compositional phrases whose overall meaning is not the same as the combined meaning of the individual parts Definition by ostension = Defining a word by pointing out the objects which they denote Nominal definition = A description of the meaning of the word which denotes a thing Real definition = A summation of the essence or inherent nature of a thing

Aristotle's horismos = A definition that exhibits either what the object is or what its name means Nominal definition = A description of the meaning of the word which denotes a thing Scientific knowledge = The structure of explanation in the Posterior Analytics Ostension = Defining many words by pointing out the objects which they denote

Juridical language = The use of language in legal contexts, characterized by formal and precise terminology Linguistic consistency = The existence of semi-systematic correspondences between certain sounds and certain meanings Conceptual meaning = The underlying idea or notion conveyed by a word or phrase Idiomatic expressions = Non-compositional phrases whose overall meaning is not the same as the combined meaning of the individual parts

<p>Posterior Analytics = A treatise devoted to the explanation of the structure of scientific knowledge Nominal definition = A description of the meaning of the word which denotes a thing Ostensive definition = Defining many words by pointing out the objects which they denote Aristotelian treatment = A philosophical approach to definition that goes back to Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal definition = A description of the meaning of the word which denotes a thing Real definition = A summation of the essence or inherent nature of a thing Idiomatic language = The use of idioms, which are non-compositional phrases whose overall meaning is not the same as the combined meaning of the individual parts Linguistic correspondence = The existence of semi-systematic correspondences between certain sounds and certain meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic primitives = Basic units of meaning that cannot be broken down further Nominal definition = Definition of a thing or concept Ostension = Definition by pointing out examples Extensional definition = Definition based on the set of things to which a term applies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Real definition = Ensuring that linguistic definitions reflect the actual world Cognitive definition = Capturing the way people think about a concept Contextual definition = Defining terms based on their usage in sentences Genus and differentia = Creating a standardized system of classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conceptual meaning = Understanding the abstract ideas behind words Juridical language = Analyzing the language used in legal contexts Scientific terminology = Defining technical terms in scientific fields Linguistic semantics = Studying the meaning of words and phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definition by synonymy = Explaining a term using another word with the same meaning Definition by context = Defining a term based on the surrounding words and phrases Definition by ostension = Defining a term by pointing to an example Definition by genus and differentia = Defining a term by its category and distinguishing features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Word level = Analyzing the meaning of individual words Above the word level = Examining the meaning of phrases and sentences Below the word level = Investigating the meaning of individual morphemes Meaning on the word level = Focusing on the meaning of words in isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lexeme = The smallest unit of language that carries meaning Morpheme = A unit of language that represents a concept or a meaning Word = A unit of language that is surrounded by spaces in standard orthography Semasiological tool = A dictionary or a list of words</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semasiological approach = Focuses on the meaning of words and accesses meanings through words Thesaurus approach = Focuses on the concepts and accesses words through concepts Nominal definition = A definition that is based on the principles of wordhood Juridical language = A language used in legal contexts to convey precise meanings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meaning and form = Are associated with each other in language Concepts and words = Are accessed through each other in a thesaurus Linguistic consistency and wordhood = Are important for determining the units of language Words and morphemes = Are units of language that carry meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deciding what units to ascribe meanings to = Due to unclear principles of wordhood Determining the minimal meaning-bearing units = Due to ambiguities about the level of grammatical structure Associating meanings and forms = Due to the complexity of language Understanding the concept of wordhood = Due to the fluid practice of word division in some languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dictionary = To access meanings through words Thesaurus = To access words through concepts Nominal definition = To define a concept or a word Juridical language = To convey precise meanings in legal contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental lexicon = A store of words in long-term memory from which the grammar constructs phrases and sentences Semasiological approach = Starts with a particular meaning and lists the various forms available in the language for its expression Onomasiological approach = Specifies the meaning of each lexeme in a language Linguistic semantics = The study of the grammatical construction of phrases and sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lexeme = A word or phrase in a language with a specific meaning Neurosensory traces = The stored meaning representations in the mental lexicon Stable word forms = The linguistic signal used to implement spoken or written output Ideas = Concepts or meanings in the mind of a speaker or writer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Word-based approach = Specifies the meaning of each lexeme in a language Meaning-based approach = Starts with a particular meaning and lists the various forms available in the language for its expression Synchronic approach = Studies the linguistic signal used to implement spoken or written output Diachronic approach = Examines the historical development of a language's lexemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entry = A stored meaning representation associated with a lexeme in the mental lexicon Stored meaning representation = A concept or meaning in the mind of a speaker or writer Linguistic signal = A word or phrase in a language with a specific meaning Neurosensory trace = The process of mapping ideas onto stored meaning representations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mappings = The process of linking ideas to stored meaning representations in the mental lexicon Stable meaning representations = The stored meaning representations associated with each lexeme in the mental lexicon Linguistic output = The spoken or written signal used to communicate meaning Semantic specification = The process of specifying the meaning of each lexeme in a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Science and technology = Requires fixed working definitions of terms for precise communication The law = Needs clear definitions of juridical terms to designate their denotation Everyday conversation = Rarely requires explicit definitions, except for clarification Chemistry = Uses extensional definitions to convey meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal definitions = Fixed by designating exactly what does and does not count as an example Conceptual meaning = Captured through definitions that correspond to word meanings Linguistic consistency = Ensured through clear definitions in scientific terminology Juridical language = Involves explicit definitions only to resolve confusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extensional definition = Defines the meaning of a term through its composition, such as H2O for water Conceptual definition = Captures the meaning of a word through its corresponding concept Nominal definition = Fixes the denotation of a term through explicit definition Denotational definition = Designates the meaning of a term through its usage in language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concepts are essentially definitional in nature = Definitions play a central role in language use Word meanings can be captured in definitions = Concepts enter into the meanings of words Definitions are only required to resolve confusions = Everyday conversation rarely needs explicit definitions Clear definitions are crucial in scientific terminology = Linguistic consistency is ensured through precise definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metallurgy = Requires fixed working definitions of terms like iron and copper The law = Involves explicit definitions of juridical terms like murder and contract Everyday conversation = Rarely requires explicit definitions, except for clarification Chemistry = Uses extensional definitions to convey the meaning of terms like water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definition by context = Defining a word through its connections with other words Definition by genus and differentia = Defining a word by specifying its genus and differentiating characteristics Nominal definition = Defining a word by stating its meaning Extensional definition = Defining a word by listing its instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definiendum = A word, phrase, or symbol being defined Definiens = A phrase or symbol that defines a word or phrase Semantic theory = A theory of meaning in language Linguistic consistency = The consistency of meaning across different contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal definition = Defining a word by stating its meaning Extensional definition = Defining a word by listing its instances Linguistic consistency = The consistency of meaning across different contexts Conceptual meaning = The meaning of a word in relation to its concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definition by context = Analyzing the meaning of a word in a specific context Definition by genus and differentia = Classifying words into categories and subcategories Juridical language = Analyzing the language used in legal contexts Semantic theory = Analyzing the meaning of words in language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definiens = A phrase or symbol that defines a word or phrase Definiendum = A word, phrase, or symbol being defined Semantic theory = A theory of meaning in language Extensional definition = Defining a word by listing its instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definiens = A phrase or symbol that defines a word or phrase Nominal definition = Defining a word by stating its meaning Linguistic consistency = The consistency of meaning across different contexts Conceptual meaning = The meaning of a word in relation to its concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definition by context = Defining a word through its connections with other words Definition by genus and differentia = Defining a word by specifying its genus and differentiating characteristics Nominal definition = Defining a word by stating its meaning Extensional definition = Defining a word by listing its instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic theory = Analyzing the meaning of words in language Linguistic consistency = The consistency of meaning across different contexts Juridical language = Analyzing the language used in legal contexts Conceptual meaning = The meaning of a word in relation to its concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definiendum = A word, phrase, or symbol being defined Definiens = A phrase or symbol that defines a word or phrase Nominal definition = Defining a word by stating its meaning Extensional definition = Defining a word by listing its instances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definition by context = Defining a word through its connections with other words Semantic theory = A theory of meaning in language Linguistic consistency = The consistency of meaning across different contexts Conceptual meaning = The meaning of a word in relation to its concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conceptual theories of meaning = Assuming a close link between concepts and definitions Semantic primitives = Words that cannot be defined using other words Nominal definitions = Definitions that only provide a name without explaining the concept Juridical language = Language used in legal contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Definition = a. If X is a horse, X is an animal. Semantic circularity = c. X is a rooster, so X is not a horse. Truth-preserving substitutability = d. If X is a horse, it is a large four-footed mammal with hooves and a mane. Linguistic consistency = b. If X is a horse, it has a mane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle = First made explicit definitions in Greek philosophy Plato = Developed the concept of semantic primitives Horse = Provided an example of a conceptual theory of meaning Rooster = Introduced the concept of juridical language</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nominal definitions = Provide a name without explaining the concept Conceptual definitions = Explain the concept behind the word Semantic definitions = Relate to the meaning of the word Juridical definitions = Used in legal contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conceptual theory of meaning = Assumes a close link between concepts and definitions Semantic circularity = Using a word in its own definition Truth-preserving substitutability = Replaces a word with its definition without changing the meaning Linguistic consistency = Using language consistently across different contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers