Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the main objectives of ELF pragmatics?
What is one of the main objectives of ELF pragmatics?
Communication issues are very frequent in ELF discourse.
Communication issues are very frequent in ELF discourse.
False
Who compiled the first ELF corpus?
Who compiled the first ELF corpus?
Name one strategy ELF speakers use to achieve mutual understanding.
Name one strategy ELF speakers use to achieve mutual understanding.
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Henry Widdowson's 1994 paper is considered a key paper in the rationale behind English as a lingua franca.
Henry Widdowson's 1994 paper is considered a key paper in the rationale behind English as a lingua franca.
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What is the name of the project associated with the first computer corpus of ELF interactions?
What is the name of the project associated with the first computer corpus of ELF interactions?
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ELF is characterized by greater ________ and collaboration.
ELF is characterized by greater ________ and collaboration.
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What does the 'let-it-pass' strategy refer to in ELF discourse?
What does the 'let-it-pass' strategy refer to in ELF discourse?
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Barbara Seidlhofer is associated with the University of ______.
Barbara Seidlhofer is associated with the University of ______.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Match the following individuals with their contributions to ELF research:
Match the following individuals with their contributions to ELF research:
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ELF speakers monitor each other’s talk closely to prevent communication difficulties.
ELF speakers monitor each other’s talk closely to prevent communication difficulties.
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In what year was the VOICE corpus released?
In what year was the VOICE corpus released?
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What does the distinction between NNEST and NEST primarily depend on?
What does the distinction between NNEST and NEST primarily depend on?
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The research at the University of Vienna has led to a decline in interest in ELF studies.
The research at the University of Vienna has led to a decline in interest in ELF studies.
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What ideology is associated with ELF communication that emphasizes collaboration?
What ideology is associated with ELF communication that emphasizes collaboration?
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Degree of satisfaction is unaffected by individual characteristics.
Degree of satisfaction is unaffected by individual characteristics.
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What is one reason that NESTs may face discrimination in teaching positions?
What is one reason that NESTs may face discrimination in teaching positions?
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What does ELF stand for?
What does ELF stand for?
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The understanding of student needs, curriculum, and history of language education is essential knowledge for _____ teachers.
The understanding of student needs, curriculum, and history of language education is essential knowledge for _____ teachers.
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Match the following factors with their relevance:
Match the following factors with their relevance:
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Which program is an example of where NESTs are used as Assistant Language Teachers?
Which program is an example of where NESTs are used as Assistant Language Teachers?
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ELF approach suggests an unchanging view of teaching an international language.
ELF approach suggests an unchanging view of teaching an international language.
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What should be considered when dealing with differences in teaching levels?
What should be considered when dealing with differences in teaching levels?
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What was the primary goal of early research on English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)?
What was the primary goal of early research on English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)?
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Jenkins' work focused solely on the grammatical aspects of English as an international language.
Jenkins' work focused solely on the grammatical aspects of English as an international language.
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Who were the primary developers mentioned in the context of world Englishes?
Who were the primary developers mentioned in the context of world Englishes?
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The official start of the new methodological orientation in ELF research was marked by _____ in 2001.
The official start of the new methodological orientation in ELF research was marked by _____ in 2001.
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What concern does the ELF approach address regarding the teaching of English?
What concern does the ELF approach address regarding the teaching of English?
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What method was proposed to expand Jenkins' research into lexico-grammar and discourse in ELF?
What method was proposed to expand Jenkins' research into lexico-grammar and discourse in ELF?
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Codification of 'international English' is straightforward and represents every variety of English.
Codification of 'international English' is straightforward and represents every variety of English.
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What is one proposed method to address linguistic justice in relation to English?
What is one proposed method to address linguistic justice in relation to English?
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Linguistic justice prioritizes equality of language-related jobs for all speakers.
Linguistic justice prioritizes equality of language-related jobs for all speakers.
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Name one financial compensation method discussed for achieving linguistic justice.
Name one financial compensation method discussed for achieving linguistic justice.
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The spread of English creates new language-based _________.
The spread of English creates new language-based _________.
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Match the following career roles with their relation to English proficiency:
Match the following career roles with their relation to English proficiency:
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What type of interaction is highlighted as favoring native speakers?
What type of interaction is highlighted as favoring native speakers?
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Compensatory poaching involves abolishing intellectual property rights for English materials on the web.
Compensatory poaching involves abolishing intellectual property rights for English materials on the web.
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What is meant by 'rough justice' in relation to linguistic justice?
What is meant by 'rough justice' in relation to linguistic justice?
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Which of the following reasons may lead to non-participation in language learning?
Which of the following reasons may lead to non-participation in language learning?
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The analysis of autobiographies of US TESOL programme students is related to the concept of imagined communities.
The analysis of autobiographies of US TESOL programme students is related to the concept of imagined communities.
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What should teacher education offer to help teachers imagine themselves as legitimate members of professional communities?
What should teacher education offer to help teachers imagine themselves as legitimate members of professional communities?
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Feelings of __________ can impact career options and trajectories for non-native speakers.
Feelings of __________ can impact career options and trajectories for non-native speakers.
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What does multicompetence allow students to do?
What does multicompetence allow students to do?
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Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:
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The belief that there is a distinct variety of English as a lingua franca (ELF) is widely accepted.
The belief that there is a distinct variety of English as a lingua franca (ELF) is widely accepted.
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Classroom discourses play a crucial role in shaping students' __________ in imagined communities.
Classroom discourses play a crucial role in shaping students' __________ in imagined communities.
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Study Notes
Global English and Linguistic Justice
- Linguistic justice is viewed as equal opportunity, parity of esteem, or fair cooperation.
- Global English has been conceived of (almost in parallel):
- as an agent of injustice and Anglo-American political and economic dominance (Phillipson 1992)
- as a tool of individual empowerment and socio-economic progress (Brutt-Griffler 2002)
- as a necessary instrument for the enhancement of equity and democratic progress worldwide (Van Parijs 2011)
Concerns and Points of Departure
- The model of English as a global language has aroused interest and criticism.
- The model's aim is to identify the best, most ethical, fairest, most democratic, and most participatory way to organize societies.
- Key points of departure include permanent linguistic diversity, increasing salience of linguistic issues, language's fundamental role in social justice, and the need for special attention to linguistic justice.
- Political philosophy is theoretical, not empirical, based on data like income, behavior, and opinions. Prescribes courses of action and defines how things should be based on philosophical principles.
- Linguistic justice aims to create a framework to reduce injustice resulting from political action by focusing on language.
Sociolnguistic perspective
- Sociolinguistics and linguistic justice are related, understanding the relationship between the real world, sociolinguistics and linguistic justice.
Theoretical Framing
- Languages have two values: identity and communicative value.
- A native language (LI) holds identity value, whereas a lingua franca (e.g., English) holds communicative value.
- The communicative value of a language depends on the number of people with whom information can be exchanged.
- Global languages can have identity value for their native speakers and communicative value for others.
- English, as a lingua franca, is widely considered paramount for efficiency, equality of opportunity, and even global democracy.
- The spread of English is viewed as empowering (Van Parijs 2011).
Theoretical Framing, continued
- Reasons for supporting and accelerating the spread of English include:
- Viewing global justice beyond nation-states as a critical unit, enabling the recognition of equals, not just curiosities.
- Fostering a transnational public debate, including the poor and powerless, to engage in communication, cooperation, lobbying, and demonstrations across borders regarding issues like climate activism.
Forms of Linguistic Injustice
- Unfair cooperation (or cooperative injustice)
- Unequal opportunities (or communicative injustice)
- Imparity of esteem (dignity injustice)
Linguistic Justice as Fair Cooperation
- Language is viewed as a public good, comparable to water.
- Linguistic justice is about sharing the cost of language learning, particularly in the context of lingua franca.
- Certain groups (native speakers/countries) are seen as "free riders," benefiting from lingua franca use without contributing to the costs or its creation.
- Fair sharing of the costs of producing a language benefit is discussed, e.g., cost of producing English as a global lingua franca.
Linguistic Justice as Fair Cooperation, continued
- Different possibilities for addressing the imbalance include a global linguistic tax, financial compensation through supranational organizations, or abolishing intellectual property rights for English language materials on the web.
Linguistic Justice as Equal Opportunity
- English is viewed as an individual asset;
- Spread of English creates new language-based inequalities.
- Linguistic justice is about ensuring equal opportunities considering material consequences for individuals. Four dimensions of injustice are presented for non-native speakers.
- Language-related job opportunities.
- Jobs not related to language that favour native speakers because of English communication.
- Face-to-face interaction privileges favoring native speakers.
- Media-amplified larger audiences: those who write, speak, or sing in English have access to a wider audience, and therefore more economic benefits.*
- Transfers from the "linguistically privileged" to "the linguistically handicapped"—similar to a welfare system.*
- Accelerating knowledge beyond elite to a near-native level, such as generalizing immersion schooling.*
Linguistic Justice as Parity of Esteem
- In a just society, people should not be stigmatized because of their collective identity (e.g., gender, race, religious or linguistic community).
- The use of English for multilingual communication can harm non-native speakers by emphasizing their inferiority.
- This can manifest as epistemic injustice, in which certain prejudices affect how their knowledge and competence are judged or understood.
Linguistic Justice as Parity of Esteem, continued
- Counteracting these issues requires a strengthening of territoriality principles as a way to balance the spread of a lingua franca against the detriment of other languages.
- A coercive regime for imposing a single (or multiple) official language as a medium of public communication is one possible solution, although it isn't the only one.
Criticisms of Van Parijs
- Linguistic justice theories tend toward an abstract, monolithic, and socially detached conception of language, overlooking variability and shifting value within different social contexts.
- Empirical value is contingent on contexts and is thus fluctuating.
- The access is not equal even with a lingua franca.
- International students in Australia face discrimination related to their accent, despite high English proficiency.
Criticisms of Van Parijs, continued
- They tend to view speakers as fundamentally rational beings; this is criticized as misleading.
- They tend to present dichotomous views of language while overlooking the ambivalence and complexity of the social world, and language practices, such as immersion schooling.
- Transition costs for communities, such as intergenerational problems, may cause inequality. The current spread of English may not improve social justice for everyone, especially for those who have been excluded from immersion programmes
Unequal Englishes
- The concept of 'unequal Englishes' attempts to bridge the gap between Phillipson’s linguistic imperialism and WEs.
- It advocates for socio-political critique and critiques the absence of such critique within the theory of World Englishes.
- Criticism of the initial development of World English theory suggests its depoliticization, its lack of consideration of power relations and issues of prejudice, discrimination, empowerment, transformation, and social justice.
- Advocated for descriptions of varieties of English, focused on language, in ways that consider power, politics, and the real cultural issues.
Unequal Englishes, continued
- Unequal Englishes aims to complement rather than contradict WEs research.
- The theory attempts to address the idea that all varieties of English are equal, acknowledging the systemic reality of inequality.
- Acknowledging that the dominance of English hasn't led to equality despite claims of linguistic equality.
- Discusses the need to address inequalities in English.
Unequal Englishes, continued
- The idea that different varieties of English are unequal remains a persistent issue.
- This is not addressed by the theory of linguistic equality of World Englishes.
- The theory of unequal English argues that inequalities related to the speaker's identity affect their recognition, credibility, and intelligibility, leading to epistemic injustice.
From Learners to Users
- Issues related to the idea of incorporating specific pedagogical principles into teacher education programs.
- The concept of language as a tool for understanding culture, and how it is viewed by learners.
Native vs Non-Native Language Teachers
- Native speakerism is defined as an ideology that suggests native-speakers are the ideal and ultimate models of language usage.
- Explicit and implicit discrimination against non-native-speaking teachers (NNESTs).
- Research suggests that NNESTs face challenges such as fewer opportunities, social and career discrimination, and lower salaries. In contrast, students' views on teachers are often independent of teacher status (native or non-native).
Material Design and New Pedagogies
- Current textbooks tend to prioritize a fixed view of English or present a homogenized view of global English, rather than embracing the reality of ELF.
- A reformulation of ELF pedagogy recognizing the need for a new approach that does not devalue learners' linguistic resources, and the need to address and incorporate aspects of contextual variability as well as communicative functionality into material design.
- Principles for creating ELF-aware materials need to include:
- the importance of understanding intelligibility rather than a focus on the speaker's native language (native-likeness),
- authentic use of ELF,
- emphasis on intercultural communicative skills and not fixed cultural models,
- development of communicative skills,
- promoting multilingual and ELF linguistic use.
- recognition of ELF and its varied character.
ELF and testing
- Tests are highly consequential.
- They determine access to key social spaces and resources like citizenship, higher education, scholarships, exchange programs, and employment.
Challenges to Current Language Assessment
- The English of educated speakers from the UK and North America are often used as the standard that determines proficiency.
- Assessments often overlook crucial factors like intercultural communicative skills, adaptation, and sensitivity to diverse varieties.
Difficulties for Introducing An ELF Approach
- Test-takers often prefer a body of knowledge that must be mastered over a novel situation that requires coping.
- Important concerns for fairness, to avoid bias and maintain reliability are present.
Advances in the Field of ELT and Testing
- Utilizing non-native speakers as raters.
- Including L2 accents in listening assessments.
- Adjusting focus in pronunciation assessment from native-speaker proximity to intelligibility. - Promoting communicative effectiveness.
- Embracing implicit communicative factors like conversational fluency, speech features (e.g., colloquialism, idioms), rather than solely focusing on formal criteria.
Some Testing Proposals
- Domain-specific tests are valuable.
- ELF-like activities should not totally replace traditional testing but be used in conjunction with existing constructs.
- Utilizing the OET test is a potential avenue for practice in English-speaking contexts.
- There is a need for assessment tasks specific to ELF contexts that measure adaptability and communicative effectiveness.
Conclusions based on existing research
- ELF-focused activities are important but are not intended to supplant traditional criteria.
- ELF-related activities should integrate well alongside existing assessments.
- New examinations like the OET, relevant for professionals, and focused on communicative use in specific contexts, are emerging.
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Description
Explore the complex relationship between Global English and linguistic justice. This quiz examines different perspectives on English as a global language, its impact on socio-economic progress, and the debates surrounding linguistic diversity and social justice. Delve into the ethical implications and democratic aspects of language in society.
