T1 L3: Innate immune defences & inflammation 2 (SS)
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Questions and Answers

Which cells are considered part of the adaptive immune system?

  • Gamma delta T cells (correct)
  • Dendritic cells
  • Monocytes
  • Innate lymphoid cells

    • Which cells have innate functions and do not require antigen presentation for activation?

  • Gamma delta T cells (correct)
  • Innate lymphoid cells
  • Monocytes
  • Natural killer cells

    • Which cells are involved in regulating the innate immune system and maintaining homeostasis?

  • Dendritic cells
  • Natural killer cells
  • Innate lymphoid cells (correct)
  • Monocytes

    • Which cells are responsible for phagocytosis and antigen presentation to induce the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Dendritic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is being discussed in the text?

    <p>Innate immune response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is receptor mediated phagocytosis?

    <p>A process by which pathogens are engulfed and destroyed by immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Inflammasome?

    <p>To drive the production of certain cytokines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acute phase response?

    <p>A measure of inflammatory events (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the receptors of the innate immune system recognize conserved structures instead of specific antigens?

    <p>Because specific antigens can mutate and change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the receptors of the innate immune system called?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do toll-like receptors primarily detect?

    <p>Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to pathogens, what else can activate the receptors of the innate immune system?

    <p>Host molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which leukocytes attach to the blood vessel wall and squeeze through to the site of infection?

    <p>Adhesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are mainly responsible for capturing foreign particles and digesting them?

    <p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of receptors present on professional phagocytic cells that help them recognize pathogens?

    <p>Complement receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which pathogens or microbes are taken up by phagocytic cells?

    <p>Phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tier domain in toll-like receptors?

    <p>It is a shared domain among all toll-like receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which toll-like receptor can form dimers with both TLR1 and TLR6?

    <p>TLR2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are toll-like receptors primarily located?

    <p>On the cell surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of molecules can toll-like receptors recognize?

    <p>Proteins and nucleic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are toll receptors?

    <p>Receptors that are important for development in fruit flies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of c-type lectin receptors?

    <p>To recognize glycan structures on pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the discovery of toll receptors in fruit flies reveal?

    <p>The importance of toll receptors in innate immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bruce Beutler discover in his work on mice embryos?

    <p>The mammalian equivalent of toll receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two pathways are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Mediator-dependent and mediator-independent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins do toll-like receptors use to trigger signaling?

    <p>Adaptive proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the type of output toll-like receptors have?

    <p>The adaptors they use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the outputs produced by toll-like receptors?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do toll-like receptors induce at the site of infection?

    <p>Inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how toll-like receptors use adaptive molecules?

    <p>The tier being looked at (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for releasing cytokines that dilate local blood vessels?

    <p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which neutrophils capture and digest foreign particles?

    <p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the molecules that bind to integrins on leukocytes to facilitate their binding to the endothelium?

    <p>Cell adhesion molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the special form of cell death in which neutrophils release nuclear chromatin to trap microorganisms?

    <p>NETosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors on professional phagocytic cells recognize pathogens through binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

    <p>Mannose receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the group of receptors that recognize conserved structures on pathogens?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered part of the innate immune system and are present at intestinal and pulmonary mucosal tissues?

    <p>Innate lymphoid cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which leukocytes attach to the blood vessel wall and squeeze through to the site of infection?

    <p>Diapedesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release antimicrobial molecules called Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?

    <p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which foreign particles are captured and digested by phagocytic cells?

    <p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two NLRCs have a leucine rich domain that can bind to peptidoglycan?

    <p>NLRC1 and NLRC2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide of peptidoglycan does NOD1 specifically bind to?

    <p>γ-glutamyl diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide of peptidoglycan does NOD2 specifically bind to?

    <p>Muramyl dipeptide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gain of function mutation in NOD2 is linked to early onset sarcoidosis?

    <p>Gain of function mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which loss of function mutation in NOD2 is associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease?

    <p>Loss of function mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NLRP is the most well-characterized?

    <p>NLRP3 (NALP3) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates NLRP3?

    <p>Cellular stress, K+ efflux, ATP, reactive oxygen species, and lysosomal damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for the cleavage of pro-IL-1 and pro-IL-18 in the NLRP3 inflammasome?

    <p>Caspase 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are sensors of cytoplasmic RNA?

    <p>RIG-I and MDA5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor preferentially recognizes long double stranded RNA?

    <p>MDA5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are able to recognize conserved structures termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

    <p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are predominantly endosomal and recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)?

    <p>TLR3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are expressed by most cells that phagocytose microbes and bind to glycan structures present on pathogens?

    <p>C type lectin receptors (CLRs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors play an important role in development and immunity to fungal and bacterial infections in fruit flies?

    <p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors form functional hetero/homodimers and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MHC molecules, and antimicrobial peptides?

    <p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are cytoplasmic pattern recognition molecules and can be classified into two major groups: NLRCs and NLRPs?

    <p>NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are predominantly located on the cell surface and recognize bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin?

    <p>TLR1/2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are associated with diseases such as HIV, systemic lupus erythematosus, Alzheimer's Disease, atherosclerosis, sepsis, and tuberculosis?

    <p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors play a role in receptor-mediated phagocytosis and inducing the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are responsible for recognizing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from necrotic cells?

    <p>Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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