Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What does substitution involve in discourse?
Which of the following best defines ellipsis?
Which tool is NOT part of lexical cohesion?
How does repetition contribute to lexical cohesion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a hypernym?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes collocation?
Signup and view all the answers
What can antonymy best be described as?
Signup and view all the answers
In what way is meronymy defined?
Signup and view all the answers
What does BROWN and LEVINSON's division of Goffman's definition primarily focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of face is directly associated with self-esteem according to HELEN SPENCER-OATEY?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines the concept of IMPOLITENESS in decision-making?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes RELATIVE POLITENESS as defined by LEECH?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two components that comprise INTENTION according to the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an example of MOCK IMPOLITENESS as described in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What are SOCIAL NORMS primarily associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Emotion & Offence as outlined in the content?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Principle of Minimal Departure refer to in the context of Alternate Possible Worlds?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, which component of a linguistic sign represents the physical realization of the object?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key difference between 'Langue' and 'Parole' as defined by de Saussure?
Signup and view all the answers
What does 'signification' refer to in Saussure's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
In Saussure's theory, the vertical axis in language interaction focuses on which aspect?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of the 'syntagmatic relation' in Saussure's framework?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for conducting extended writing activities?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Saussure's work influence modern linguistics?
Signup and view all the answers
What does positive politeness aim to satisfy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes negative politeness?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of social distance in politeness according to Brown and Levinson?
Signup and view all the answers
Which critique was made against Brown and Levinson's research on politeness?
Signup and view all the answers
What concept does Fraser's conversational contract introduce?
Signup and view all the answers
Eelen and Watts differentiate politeness into how many definitions?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Eelen define impoliteness?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect does the ranking of imposition address in conversation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does cohesion relate to in a text?
Signup and view all the answers
How does unresolved cohesion manifest in a text?
Signup and view all the answers
What best describes lexical bundles according to Biber?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of the Idiom Principle identified by Sinclair?
Signup and view all the answers
Which level is associated with the intention behind an utterance in Austin's Speech Act theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'implicit performatives' refer to in Austin's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What could be a potential downside to using implicit performatives in communication?
Signup and view all the answers
In terms of appropriateness, how does coherence function in a text?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Substitution and Ellipsis
- Substitution replaces a word/phrase with a different expression to avoid repetition (e.g., "We love to spend time together" instead of repeating "Me and my sister").
- Ellipsis omits parts of discourse when the context makes the meaning clear, like in the sentence "I'm going to the cinema tonight while he's not," where "going to the cinema" is left out.
Lexical Cohesion
- Lexical cohesion makes a text meaningful through correct word usage.
- Repetition involves using the same word/phrase multiple times to reinforce an idea.
- Synonyms offer alternative words with similar meanings (e.g., "terrible" can be replaced with "horrible").
- Superordinates use general terms that encompass specific entities (e.g., "bird" for "parrot").
- General words like "thing" or "place" serve as vague nouns/verbs applicable in various contexts.
Halliday and Hasan's Cohesion Types
- Halliday and Hasan identified five types of cohesion:
- Reference links sentences for cohesion.
- Substitution replaces words with others for clarity.
- Ellipsis connects text parts through omission.
- Lexical cohesion utilizes word choice for meaning.
- Conjunction organizes text logically.
- Unresolved cohesion occurs when referential words create familiarity but lack clarity for the reader.
Coherence in Text
- Coherence refers to the appropriateness of a text in its communicative context, such as avoiding informal vocabulary in legal documents.
Lexical Bundles by Biber
- Lexical bundles are frequently occurring word groups (e.g., "in order to," "take a look at").
Sinclair's Principles
- Idiom Principle states that language often consists of pre-established word combinations (e.g., "better late than never").
- Open Choice Principle enables speakers to fill in gaps within sentences.
Speech Act Theory by Austin
- Austin's Speech Act theory categorizes utterances into three levels:
- Locution (what is said).
- Illocutionary force (the intended purpose, such as making a request).
- Perlocutionary effect (the impact of the utterance).
- Performative hypothesis suggests that utterances often contain a performative verb, though implicit performatives (without such verbs) can also convey meaning.
Politeness Strategies
- Positive politeness caters to the hearer’s need for social acceptance, often using compliments to ease requests.
- Negative politeness respects the hearer’s autonomy, allowing them the option to decline requests.
- Politeness is influenced by social distance, relative power, and ranking of imposition.
Critique of Politeness Theories
- Brown and Levinson's approach faced criticism for not accounting for cultural variations in politeness.
- Foucault emphasized the interplay of language and practice, asserting that context shapes discourse.
Fraser's Conversational Contract
- Fraser's model advanced Grice's maxims by considering rights and obligations in conversations, including social and cultural context.
Definitions of Politeness (Eelen and Watts)
- Eelen and Watts differentiate between shared concepts of politeness and linguistic definitions.
- Politeness and impoliteness theory faces challenges due to the divide between ordinary understanding and academic definitions.
Spencer-Oatey's Face Concept
- Spencer-Oatey distinguishes between identity (individual) and face (relational).
- She identifies three types of face: quality face (self-esteem), social identity face (role), and relational face (context-dependent rights and obligations).
Social Norms and Decisions
- Rational choices guide behavior; deviations can signal impoliteness influenced by negative emotions.
- Habits contribute to socially expected behaviors, while morality relates to notions of right conduct.
Leech's Politeness Definitions
- Absolute politeness is context-independent, whereas relative politeness is confined to specific situations.
- Mock impoliteness is playful and fosters intimacy without causing actual offense.
Ferdinand de Saussure's Linguistics
- De Saussure introduced the linguistic sign, comprising the signifier (word) and signified (concept).
- Explored the roles of langue (language system) and parole (individual language use).
- Langue and parole relate through two axes: paradigmatic (choice of words) and syntagmatic (grammatical combinations).
Writing and Research Purposes
- Extended writing serves diverse reasons, from expressing ideas to providing evidence or engaging in theoretical debates.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your understanding of lexical cohesion, substitution, and ellipsis in language. This quiz covers key concepts and examples from Halliday and Hasan's framework on cohesion types. Dive into how different expressions can enhance clarity and meaning in discourse.
