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Questions and Answers
What does substitution involve in discourse?
What does substitution involve in discourse?
- Using a synonym to change the meaning of a phrase.
- Omitting parts of a sentence entirely.
- Replacing a word with a different expression to avoid repetition. (correct)
- Using a superordinate term to generalize a concept.
Which of the following best defines ellipsis?
Which of the following best defines ellipsis?
- Using overly general terms to create ambiguity.
- Omitting parts of discourse that can be inferred from context. (correct)
- Employing synonyms to enrich the text.
- The repetition of a specific word to emphasize a point.
Which tool is NOT part of lexical cohesion?
Which tool is NOT part of lexical cohesion?
- General words
- Substitution (correct)
- Antonymy
- Collocation
How does repetition contribute to lexical cohesion?
How does repetition contribute to lexical cohesion?
What is a hypernym?
What is a hypernym?
Which of the following describes collocation?
Which of the following describes collocation?
What can antonymy best be described as?
What can antonymy best be described as?
In what way is meronymy defined?
In what way is meronymy defined?
What does BROWN and LEVINSON's division of Goffman's definition primarily focus on?
What does BROWN and LEVINSON's division of Goffman's definition primarily focus on?
Which type of face is directly associated with self-esteem according to HELEN SPENCER-OATEY?
Which type of face is directly associated with self-esteem according to HELEN SPENCER-OATEY?
What defines the concept of IMPOLITENESS in decision-making?
What defines the concept of IMPOLITENESS in decision-making?
Which of the following best describes RELATIVE POLITENESS as defined by LEECH?
Which of the following best describes RELATIVE POLITENESS as defined by LEECH?
What are the two components that comprise INTENTION according to the content?
What are the two components that comprise INTENTION according to the content?
What is an example of MOCK IMPOLITENESS as described in the content?
What is an example of MOCK IMPOLITENESS as described in the content?
What are SOCIAL NORMS primarily associated with?
What are SOCIAL NORMS primarily associated with?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Emotion & Offence as outlined in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Emotion & Offence as outlined in the content?
What does the Principle of Minimal Departure refer to in the context of Alternate Possible Worlds?
What does the Principle of Minimal Departure refer to in the context of Alternate Possible Worlds?
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, which component of a linguistic sign represents the physical realization of the object?
According to Ferdinand de Saussure, which component of a linguistic sign represents the physical realization of the object?
What is a key difference between 'Langue' and 'Parole' as defined by de Saussure?
What is a key difference between 'Langue' and 'Parole' as defined by de Saussure?
What does 'signification' refer to in Saussure's theory?
What does 'signification' refer to in Saussure's theory?
In Saussure's theory, the vertical axis in language interaction focuses on which aspect?
In Saussure's theory, the vertical axis in language interaction focuses on which aspect?
What is a characteristic of the 'syntagmatic relation' in Saussure's framework?
What is a characteristic of the 'syntagmatic relation' in Saussure's framework?
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for conducting extended writing activities?
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for conducting extended writing activities?
How does Saussure's work influence modern linguistics?
How does Saussure's work influence modern linguistics?
What does positive politeness aim to satisfy?
What does positive politeness aim to satisfy?
Which of the following best describes negative politeness?
Which of the following best describes negative politeness?
What is the role of social distance in politeness according to Brown and Levinson?
What is the role of social distance in politeness according to Brown and Levinson?
Which critique was made against Brown and Levinson's research on politeness?
Which critique was made against Brown and Levinson's research on politeness?
What concept does Fraser's conversational contract introduce?
What concept does Fraser's conversational contract introduce?
Eelen and Watts differentiate politeness into how many definitions?
Eelen and Watts differentiate politeness into how many definitions?
How does Eelen define impoliteness?
How does Eelen define impoliteness?
What aspect does the ranking of imposition address in conversation?
What aspect does the ranking of imposition address in conversation?
What does cohesion relate to in a text?
What does cohesion relate to in a text?
How does unresolved cohesion manifest in a text?
How does unresolved cohesion manifest in a text?
What best describes lexical bundles according to Biber?
What best describes lexical bundles according to Biber?
What is the main characteristic of the Idiom Principle identified by Sinclair?
What is the main characteristic of the Idiom Principle identified by Sinclair?
Which level is associated with the intention behind an utterance in Austin's Speech Act theory?
Which level is associated with the intention behind an utterance in Austin's Speech Act theory?
What does the term 'implicit performatives' refer to in Austin's theory?
What does the term 'implicit performatives' refer to in Austin's theory?
What could be a potential downside to using implicit performatives in communication?
What could be a potential downside to using implicit performatives in communication?
In terms of appropriateness, how does coherence function in a text?
In terms of appropriateness, how does coherence function in a text?
Study Notes
Substitution and Ellipsis
- Substitution replaces a word/phrase with a different expression to avoid repetition (e.g., "We love to spend time together" instead of repeating "Me and my sister").
- Ellipsis omits parts of discourse when the context makes the meaning clear, like in the sentence "I'm going to the cinema tonight while he's not," where "going to the cinema" is left out.
Lexical Cohesion
- Lexical cohesion makes a text meaningful through correct word usage.
- Repetition involves using the same word/phrase multiple times to reinforce an idea.
- Synonyms offer alternative words with similar meanings (e.g., "terrible" can be replaced with "horrible").
- Superordinates use general terms that encompass specific entities (e.g., "bird" for "parrot").
- General words like "thing" or "place" serve as vague nouns/verbs applicable in various contexts.
Halliday and Hasan's Cohesion Types
- Halliday and Hasan identified five types of cohesion:
- Reference links sentences for cohesion.
- Substitution replaces words with others for clarity.
- Ellipsis connects text parts through omission.
- Lexical cohesion utilizes word choice for meaning.
- Conjunction organizes text logically.
- Unresolved cohesion occurs when referential words create familiarity but lack clarity for the reader.
Coherence in Text
- Coherence refers to the appropriateness of a text in its communicative context, such as avoiding informal vocabulary in legal documents.
Lexical Bundles by Biber
- Lexical bundles are frequently occurring word groups (e.g., "in order to," "take a look at").
Sinclair's Principles
- Idiom Principle states that language often consists of pre-established word combinations (e.g., "better late than never").
- Open Choice Principle enables speakers to fill in gaps within sentences.
Speech Act Theory by Austin
- Austin's Speech Act theory categorizes utterances into three levels:
- Locution (what is said).
- Illocutionary force (the intended purpose, such as making a request).
- Perlocutionary effect (the impact of the utterance).
- Performative hypothesis suggests that utterances often contain a performative verb, though implicit performatives (without such verbs) can also convey meaning.
Politeness Strategies
- Positive politeness caters to the hearer’s need for social acceptance, often using compliments to ease requests.
- Negative politeness respects the hearer’s autonomy, allowing them the option to decline requests.
- Politeness is influenced by social distance, relative power, and ranking of imposition.
Critique of Politeness Theories
- Brown and Levinson's approach faced criticism for not accounting for cultural variations in politeness.
- Foucault emphasized the interplay of language and practice, asserting that context shapes discourse.
Fraser's Conversational Contract
- Fraser's model advanced Grice's maxims by considering rights and obligations in conversations, including social and cultural context.
Definitions of Politeness (Eelen and Watts)
- Eelen and Watts differentiate between shared concepts of politeness and linguistic definitions.
- Politeness and impoliteness theory faces challenges due to the divide between ordinary understanding and academic definitions.
Spencer-Oatey's Face Concept
- Spencer-Oatey distinguishes between identity (individual) and face (relational).
- She identifies three types of face: quality face (self-esteem), social identity face (role), and relational face (context-dependent rights and obligations).
Social Norms and Decisions
- Rational choices guide behavior; deviations can signal impoliteness influenced by negative emotions.
- Habits contribute to socially expected behaviors, while morality relates to notions of right conduct.
Leech's Politeness Definitions
- Absolute politeness is context-independent, whereas relative politeness is confined to specific situations.
- Mock impoliteness is playful and fosters intimacy without causing actual offense.
Ferdinand de Saussure's Linguistics
- De Saussure introduced the linguistic sign, comprising the signifier (word) and signified (concept).
- Explored the roles of langue (language system) and parole (individual language use).
- Langue and parole relate through two axes: paradigmatic (choice of words) and syntagmatic (grammatical combinations).
Writing and Research Purposes
- Extended writing serves diverse reasons, from expressing ideas to providing evidence or engaging in theoretical debates.
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Description
Test your understanding of lexical cohesion, substitution, and ellipsis in language. This quiz covers key concepts and examples from Halliday and Hasan's framework on cohesion types. Dive into how different expressions can enhance clarity and meaning in discourse.
