Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary differentiation site for T-lymphocytes?
What is the primary differentiation site for T-lymphocytes?
B-lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity.
B-lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity.
False
What type of cells do T-lymphocytes attack?
What type of cells do T-lymphocytes attack?
Cancerous cells and transplanted organ cells
___ are classified as T and B cells.
___ are classified as T and B cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of immunity to their corresponding cell type:
Match the following types of immunity to their corresponding cell type:
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of T cells secrete interferon γ?
Which type of T cells secrete interferon γ?
Signup and view all the answers
Leukocytosis refers to a decrease in leukocyte numbers.
Leukocytosis refers to a decrease in leukocyte numbers.
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to B cells after exposure to an antigen?
What happens to B cells after exposure to an antigen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component activates the intrinsic pathway in coagulation?
Which component activates the intrinsic pathway in coagulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Factor VII is inactive in the intrinsic pathway.
Factor VII is inactive in the intrinsic pathway.
Signup and view all the answers
What inhibits coagulation in the body?
What inhibits coagulation in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
The component that stabilizes fibrin is Factor ______.
The component that stabilizes fibrin is Factor ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a natural anticoagulant?
Which of the following is an example of a natural anticoagulant?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the anticoagulants with their categories:
Match the anticoagulants with their categories:
Signup and view all the answers
What factor is activated by Ca++ during the coagulation cascade?
What factor is activated by Ca++ during the coagulation cascade?
Signup and view all the answers
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is primarily activated by ______.
The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is primarily activated by ______.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
What is the primary function of albumin in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Fibrinogen is involved in blood coagulation.
Fibrinogen is involved in blood coagulation.
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ produces most plasma proteins?
Which organ produces most plasma proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
Plasma proteins help maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood, which is essential for maintaining __________ balance.
Plasma proteins help maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood, which is essential for maintaining __________ balance.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following plasma proteins with their functions:
Match the following plasma proteins with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a component of plasma proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a component of plasma proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
Plasma proteins are only produced by the liver.
Plasma proteins are only produced by the liver.
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of blood plasma is made up of proteins?
What percentage of blood plasma is made up of proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal range for thrombocyte count?
What is the normal range for thrombocyte count?
Signup and view all the answers
The lifespan of thrombocytes is approximately 3-5 days.
The lifespan of thrombocytes is approximately 3-5 days.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary regulator of platelet production?
What is the primary regulator of platelet production?
Signup and view all the answers
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a __________ platelet count.
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a __________ platelet count.
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is NOT found in the cytoplasm of thrombocytes?
Which component is NOT found in the cytoplasm of thrombocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Thrombocytosis refers to low platelet counts.
Thrombocytosis refers to low platelet counts.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one substance contained in dense granules of thrombocytes.
Name one substance contained in dense granules of thrombocytes.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following thrombocyte disorders with their descriptions:
Match the following thrombocyte disorders with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of globulins in the immune system?
What is the primary function of globulins in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Vascular spasm is the first step in the process of haemostasis.
Vascular spasm is the first step in the process of haemostasis.
Signup and view all the answers
What protein is vital for transporting iron in the blood?
What protein is vital for transporting iron in the blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Antibodies are also known as ______.
Antibodies are also known as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the globulin types with their respective functions:
Match the globulin types with their respective functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of several clotting factors?
Which vitamin is essential for the synthesis of several clotting factors?
Signup and view all the answers
Clotting factors are only active forms of proteins involved in blood coagulation.
Clotting factors are only active forms of proteins involved in blood coagulation.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three main steps involved in the mechanism of haemostasis?
What are the three main steps involved in the mechanism of haemostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Monocytes are transformed into macrophages in tissues.
- Lymphocytes are involved in immune responses.
- Lymphocytes are classified as T and B cells.
- T-lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus gland.
- B-lymphocytes differentiate in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
- T-lymphocytes (85% of lymphocytes) are involved in cell-mediated immunity.
- T-lymphocytes secrete Interferon γ (glycoprotein that acts as an antiviral agent).
- T-lymphocytes contain lysosomes with antifungal agents.
- Cytotoxic T cells (T-killer cells) are a type of T cell.
- T cell receptors bind to specific antigens, and cytotoxic substances are released into foreign cells (bacteria, viruses, tissue cells).
- Cytotoxic T cells attack cells of transplanted organs and cancerous cells.
- B-lymphocytes (15% of lymphocytes) are involved in humoral immunity.
- B-lymphocytes secrete IgA, Interferon α & β.
- Activated B cells proliferate and transform into plasma cells (antibodies production).
- Activated B cells also transform into memory cells (B memory cells) that produce antibodies for the same antigens.
Leukocytes Disorders
- Leukocytosis is an increase in leukocyte numbers, often seen in bacterial infections.
- Leukopenia is a decrease in leukocyte numbers, often seen in the early stages of viral infections.
- Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells, characterized by leukocytosis.
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
- Thrombocytes are produced in the bone marrow by fragmentation of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes.
- About 1/3 of the marrow output of platelets is trapped in the spleen.
- The normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/µL (250,000).
- Platelets have a lifespan of 7-10 days.
- Platelets are removed from circulation by the tissue macrophage system, primarily in the spleen.
- Thrombopoietin, produced by the liver and kidney, is the major regulator of platelet production.
- Platelet cytoplasm contains contractile proteins (actin and myosin), dense granules (contain serotonin and ADP secreted in response to platelet activation), and α-granules (contain secreted proteins like platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) that stimulates wound healing, fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII), and other clotting factors).
- Platelet cytoplasm stores large quantities of Ca++.
Functions of Thrombocytes
- Thromboxane A attracts more platelets to injured vessels through chemotaxis.
- Growth factors increase the growth and number of endothelial cells.
- Plasma thromboplastin activates the intrinsic pathway for fibrin formation.
- Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates wound healing.
Blood Coagulation (Clotting)
- Haemostasis is the process of forming clots in the walls of damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss (haemorrhage, bleeding) and maintain blood in a fluid state within the vascular system.
- Haemostasis involves three main steps: vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, and blood coagulation.
- Blood coagulation involves a cascade of reactions that activate coagulation factors, most of which are proteins synthesized by the liver in inactive form.
- Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.
- Activated coagulation factors act as proteolytic enzymes that activate other inactive enzymes.
- Many of the coagulation reactions require Ca++ and platelet phospholipids.
Intrinsic Pathway (of Blood Coagulation)
- The intrinsic pathway is initiated by contact of coagulation factors with collagen and kallikrein.
- This pathway involves the activation of XII, XI, IX, and X coagulation factors.
Extrinsic Pathway (of Blood Coagulation)
- The extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue thromboplastin (released from damaged tissues).
- This pathway involves the activation of VII and X coagulation factors.
Common Pathway (of Blood Coagulation)
- Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge on the common pathway, leading to the activation of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin.
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like structure that traps blood cells and forms a clot.
- Factor XIII stabilizes the fibrin clot.
Anticoagulants
-
Natural anticoagulants include:
- Endothelium factors: smoothness of the endothelium (XII with collagen), glycocalyx (mucopolysaccharides).
- Heparin
- α-Macroglobulin
-
Synthetic anticoagulants include:
- Na-Citrate
- Na-Fluoride
- Ca-oxalates
- EDTA
- Heparin
- Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting.
The Plasma
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood.
- Plasma transports nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, and other substances throughout the body.
Plasma Components
- Plasma is composed of:
- Water (90-92%)
- Proteins (6-7%)
- Albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins.
- Other components (2-3%), including: fats, carbohydrates (glucose), electrolytes, gases (O2, CO2), chemical messengers.
Plasma Proteins
- Plasma proteins are produced by the liver (except for immunoglobulins).
- Plasma proteins are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in hepatocytes and exported into the blood via the Golgi complex.
- Plasma proteins have various functions, including:
- Maintain blood pH slightly alkaline by binding excess H+ in the blood.
- Provide a source of amino acids if required by being broken down by macrophages.
- Act as carriers for small molecules and transport them to tissues via protein carriers.
- Help maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood, which is important in maintaining body fluid balance.
Albumin
- Albumin regulates the osmotic pressure of the blood (and hence moderates the osmotic pressure of body fluids).
- Albumin transports hormones and minerals.
- Hypoalbuminaemia can lead to edema.
Fibrinogen
- Fibrinogen is involved in blood coagulation.
- Soluble fibrinogen can form an insoluble fibrin clot.
α-1-antitrypsin
- α-1-antitrypsin is found in low concentrations in plasma.
- α-1-antitrypsin neutralizes digestive trypsin.
Globulins
- Globulins participate in the immune system (e.g. immunoglobulins) and also act as transport proteins (T4 and Vitamin A).
- Types of globulins:
- α-Globulins: transport thyroxin (T4) and vitamin A.
- β-Globulins: (transferrin) transport iron.
- γ-Globulins: immunoglobulins (Igs).
γ-Globulins (Antibodies)
- γ-globulins are also called immunoglobulins.
- Immunoglobulins are produced by B lymphocytes.
- Antibodies are responsible for the body's humoral immune function, recognizing pathogens via specific receptors and neutralizing them through various mechanisms.
Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation
- Haemostasis is the process of forming clots in the walls of damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss (haemorrhage, bleeding) and maintain blood in a fluid state within the vascular system.
Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count, which can cause bleeding (haemorrhage).
- Thrombocytopenia can be caused by:
- Decreased production due to bone marrow failure, leukemia, or autoimmune disease.
- Enlarged spleen.
Thrombocytosis
- Thrombocytosis is a high platelet count, which can cause thrombosis (blood clot formation).
- Thrombocytosis can be caused by:
- Myeloproliferative disorders
- Inflammation
- Iron deficiency
- Drugs (aspirin)
- Splenectomy
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on leukocytes, including lymphocytes and their roles in the immune system. This quiz covers the transformation of monocytes, the differentiation of T and B cells, and their specific functions in immunity. Challenge yourself to recall key concepts about the types of T-cell responses and the roles of B-lymphocytes.
