Hematology (2) 2-1 PDF

Leukocytes Whit blood cells Granulocytes A granulocytes Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocytes Monocyte Leukocyte synthesis (Leukopoiesis) Granulocytes and monocytes are produced in the...

Leukocytes Whit blood cells Granulocytes A granulocytes Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocytes Monocyte Leukocyte synthesis (Leukopoiesis) Granulocytes and monocytes are produced in the bone marrow from myeloid stem cells known as myoblasts and monoblasts, respectively. Lymphocytes originate from a lymphoid stem cell, known as a lymphoblast, (differentiation in lymph tissue, such as lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and various lymphoid clusters, Thymus).  Function of Leukocytes The WBCs serve as a defense mechanism against: 1. Bacterial infection 2. Viral infection 3. Parasitic infection 4. Foreign proteins to the body. 5. Transplanted organs  Jstzedi Neutrophils e The first line of defense (Neutrophilia- Acute bacterial infection) Are motile cells (amoeboid movement). M Half-life 5 to 10 hrs (blood) and 2-3 days dog ~ 15. I on (tissues) - - S & ② Neutrophils are Phagocytic cells. The predominant granulocytes in the monogastric animals. During Infection: secrete pyrogens affect temperature regulating centre-fever (Hyperthermia)  Eosinophils The granules contain several enzymes C (e.g., histaminase) that dampen and terminate - local inflammatory reactions of allergic origin. -. 951 , 4 - 5 Increased (Eosinophilia) during parasite infections. - Secrete Profibrinolysin during acute inflammation.  si Basophils D3 Basophil granules contain histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and lysosomal enzymes. z Basophils and mast cells have receptors - - on their cell membranes for immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. - Basophils enhance allergic reactions ⑬  & > -S is Monocytes - & The largest leukocyte &5increase in - chronic infections. ⑫ - Circulating monocytes phagocytize - bacteria, viruses, and antigen– antibody complexes from the bloodstream. 9 g In d tissues, monocytes are transformed into macrophages.  Lymphocytes -/ Lymphocytes are involved in immune responses. They are classified as T and B cells. Differentiation site for T and B cells: - - - T-lymphocytes is the thymus gland B-lymphocytes, the sites are the liver, - spleen, and bone marrow. -  T- Lymphocytes giste (85%) Involved in cell mediated - - s - of Lymphocytes ? , immunity. majority 2) The Lymphocytes T -. are - M Secrete Ineterferin γ (glycoprotein serve as antiviral agent) 9 · Types of T cells: I Lysosomes Cytotoxic T cells (killer cells). containing antifungal agents  T- Lymphocytes Cytotoxic T cells (T- killer cells). 3 T cell receptors bind to specific · E antigens, and cytotoxic substances are released into the foreign cell (bacteria, viruses, tissue cells) - Attack cells of transplanted organs S ·g and cancerous cells.  j B- Lymphocytes s & Q (15%) Involved in Humoral Immunity - Secrete IgA, Ineterferin α & β. - After exposure to an antigen, activated B cells proliferate and transform into plasma cells (Antibodies production) and a smaller number of memory cells (B memory cells production of antibodies for the same antigens). 4) -14s in y &. 41 ;55 Me / · &. Plasma /10 , 41 % B-lymphocyten/I  Leukocytes Disorders Isl Leukocytosis: An increase in leukocyte numbers (bacterial infections). Leukopenia: A decrease in leukocyte numbers (early stages of viral infections. & mis) - Leukaemia: is a cancer of WBCs and is 195 L characterized by leukocytosis. Cemphoaria & 8 555. - - %  Thrombocytes Produced in the bone marrow by fragmentation of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. gib gib"  dThrombocytes 1/3 of marrow output of platelets is trapped in spleen. itNormal count: 150,000-400,000/µL (250,000), Life span 7-10 days. Removed from circulation by tissue macrophage system mainly in the spleen. Thrombopoietin: major regulator of platelet production (produced by liver and kidney).  9 The cytoplasm contains: Contractile proteins: (Actin & myosin). Dense granules: contain substances that are secreted in response to platelet activation including serotonin & ADP. α-granules: contain secreted proteins (platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which stimulates wound healing, fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) and other clotting factors). 8928 * The cytoplasm store large quantities of Ca++.  ECo2-blood clotting Thrombocytes - % 29. -1 - Functions of thrombocytes secretion: ·is 1) Thromboxane A: Attract more platelets to the injured vessels by Chemotaxis. 2) Growth Factor: increases the growth and the numbers of endothelial cells. 3) Plasma Thromboplastin: activates intrinsic · pathway for fibrin formation. 4) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF): j i stimulates wound healing. JJ · Functions Blood Coagulation (clotting) / it - ·  Thrombocytes Disorders st Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count (may cause bleeding, Haemorrhage) -H I9 Decreased production due to: Bone marrow failure Leukaemia Autoimmune disease. Enlarged spleen  Thrombocytes Disorders Thrombocytosis: high platelet count (may cause --thrombosis).&. Myeloproliferative disorders Inflammation ↑ Iron deficiency. Drugs (Aspirin) Splenectomy  The Plasma Plasma (a liquid component of the blood. – Transport mechanism Plasma Components 90-92% water. 6-7% proteins Water Albumin, fibrinogen and 90% globulins 2-3% – Fats – Carbohydrates (glucose) – Electrolytes – Gases (O2, CO2) Other Protein 3% 7% – Chemical messengers good The Plasma proteins are proteins present in the blood plasma and are produced by the liver (except for immunoglobulins) The proteins are produced by the rough - - - if ER in hepatocytes and exported into the > of plasua - protein 1 2 blood via the Golgi complex. - & - 22nd There are a number of different types of plasma proteins, each serving different specific functions.  -of & gunaral-main Plasma proteins Functions hepatocytes ofplasma protein function ? 1 , 4 ganural - or (main Jenara plasm protein ? I & 1.keep the blood pH slightly alkaline by binding excess H+ in the blood. 2.Source of amino acids supply if required by being broken down by macrophages. 3.Carriers for small molecules and for transport them to the tissue via protein M 1 carriers.. O 4.Help to maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood, which is important in maintaining body fluids balance. · Plasma proteins Functions Albumin: regulate the osmotic pressure of the blood (and hence moderate the osmotic pressure of body fluids). Transport hormones and minerals (Hypoalbuminaemia- Oedema) Fibrinogen: involves in blood coagulation (soluble fibrinogen can form an insoluble fibrin clot) j9 G (α-1-antitrypsin: found in Low concentration in the plasma) neutralize digestive trypsin.  star Plasma proteins Functions give big ne Globulins: participate in the immune system - (i.e.&immunoglobulins) and also act as transport proteins (T4 and Vitamin A) sieh 1.-Globulins: Transport Thyroxin (T4) and I Vitamin A &Transport protenis > - s des - 1.-Globulins: (Transferrin): Transport Iron 2.-Globulins: Immunoglobulins (Igs) ↳  m SodiD Globulins -Globulins (Antibodies) are also called immunoglobulins. They are produced by the B lymphocytes, a subset of the immune cells. Antibodies are responsible for the body’s humoral immune function, recognizing pathogens via specific receptors and neutralizing them by various mechanisms.  Haemostasis and Blood Coagulation contain -Blood 150 Haemostasis: is the [process of forming clots in the walls of damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss (Haemorrhage,Bleeding) and maintain blood in a fluid state within the vascular system. Haemostasis mechanism involves 3 main steps: 1. Vascular spasm ↳ 2. Formation of platelet plug 3. Blood coagulation 3. Blood Coagulation⑤ &is museum i & 3 N 5 &- 3 Blood Coagulation mechanism involves a cascade wo of reactions in which Coagulation factors are activated. Most of Coagulation or clotting factors are proteins synthesized by the liver in inactive form. ① Vitamin K is needed for the synthesis of factor II, - VII, IX and X).& When activated they act as proteolytic enzymes, which activate other inactive enzymes. ⑫ Several of cascading reactions require& Ca++ and - blood platelet phospholipids. Coagulation ③ pack way -- Intrinsic Pathway - -Collagen -Kallikrien is· need S Extrinsic Pathway d XII inactive XII active ·ja13 VII active VII inactive ⑤ *T. thromboplastin *PL. XI inactive XI active *Ca++ Fibrinogen *PL. *Ca++ ② - IX active Thrombin II IX inactive - *PL *Ca++ *V *VIII *PL. Fibrin *Ca++ X inactive X inactive Plasma Proten Factor XIII Stabilizing & ! -[ - Prothrombin II  - Anticoagulants gas Natural Synthetic: 1. Endothelium factors: - Na-Citrate a.The Smoothness of the Na-Fluoride endothelium (XII with collagen). Ca-oxalates b.Glycocalyx (Mucopolysaccharides) - EDTA 2. Heparin - - · 3. α - Macroglobulin 2 - & Heparin - 4. Thrombomoduline (Protein C, V - and VII)  Role of Vitamin K on blood coagulation ggs Vitamin K is a Fat-soluble vitamin present in - - many foods and may made by bacteria in the gut. - Necessary for synthesis of several - components of coagulation cascade. - -- Deficiency may lead to low levels of clotting factors, causing a bleeding tendency. - Warfarin: is a drug that interferes with vitamin K action; used as an anticoagulant (prevent thrombosis)