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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?
During chemotherapy, which normal cell type is notably affected due to its rapid growth?
Which component of red blood cells is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
What characteristic feature allows red blood cells to navigate through capillaries?
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In the leukocyte population, which type is primarily responsible for developing into macrophages within tissues?
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What is the primary function of albumin in the plasma?
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Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for phagocytizing bacteria?
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What is the life span of eosinophils in the human body?
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Which plasma protein is directly involved in the blood clotting process?
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What are prothrombin and fibrinogen collectively known as when discussing their role in hemostasis?
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Which granulocyte releases mediators of inflammation such as histamine?
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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What is the development period for neutrophils before they enter the bloodstream?
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What percentage of total white blood cells do eosinophils typically constitute?
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How many alpha and beta chains are present in a single hemoglobin molecule?
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Which component of hemoglobin binds oxygen?
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What percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood is bound to the globin moiety of hemoglobin?
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What is the lifespan of a red blood cell in the human body?
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Which blood cell counts are typical for females?
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What is the term for the process of formation of red blood cells?
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Which structure in the hemoglobin molecule is crucial for binding oxygen?
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Which blood type has both antigen A and antigen B present on the surface of red blood cells?
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What is the inheritance pattern for the Rh factor in blood types?
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Which type of blood has both antibody A and antibody B present in the plasma?
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In which scenario can Rh incompatibility lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
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What are the possible genotypes for an individual with Type A blood?
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Study Notes
Leukocytes
-
Lymphocytes
- 20%-45% of white blood cell count
- T cells and B cells
- Development: Days to weeks
- Life Span: Hours to years
- Function: Mount immune response by direct cell attack (T cells) or antibodies (B cells)
-
Monocytes
- 4%-8% of white blood cell count
- Development: 2-3 days
- Life Span: Months
- Function:
- Phagocytosis
- Develop into macrophages in tissues
Leukopenia During Chemotherapy
- Cancerous cells grow faster than normal cells
- Chemotherapy targets fast-growing cells by interrupting mitotic cell division
- Chemotherapy also kills a few normal fast-growing cells, including:
- Leukocytes
- Hair
- Intestinal epithelial cells
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs)
- Average: 5 million/mm3
- Appearance: Biconcave disc shape, suited for gas exchange. The shape is flexible so that RBCs can pass through capillaries.
- Structure:
- Primarily made up of hemoglobin (protein that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- Lack a nucleus and mitochondria
Hemoglobin
- Consists of four protein chains (globins) and four heme groups
- Heme groups: Nonprotein moiety that binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+) at its center
- Globins: Four protein chains - two alpha and two beta chains
Plasma Proteins
- Site of formation: Liver
- Albumin: 3.5-5.0 gm/dL, 50% in the liver and 50% in white blood cells
- Globulins: 2.5 gm/dL
- Fibrinogen 0.4 gm/dL
- Prothrombin: 0.01 gm/dL
Specific Functions of Plasma Proteins
-
Albumin:
- Maintains osmotic pressure
- Transports smaller molecules (hormones, ions)
-
Globulins:
- Alpha and Beta globulins transport hormones and fat-soluble vitamins
- Gamma globulins (antibodies) bind to foreign substances
- Fibrinogen: Converted to fibrin network that forms blood clots
- Prothrombin: Blood clotting
Plasma vs Serum
- Plasma: Blood fluid containing clotting factors
- Serum: Plasma lacking some clotting factors
Leukocytes (White Cells)
- Two major categories:
- Granulocytes: Contain specialized membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
- Agranulocytes: Lack obvious granules (lymphocytes and monocytes)
Neutrophils
- 40%-70% WBCs
- Development: 6-9 days
- Life Span: 6 hours to a few days
- Function: Phagocytize bacteria
Eosinophils
- 1%-4% WBCs
- Development: 6-9 days
- Life Span: 8-12 days
- Function: Kill parasitic worms
Basophils
- 0.5% WBCs
- Development: 3-7 days
- Life Span: A few hours to a few days
- Function: Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation
Functions of RBCs
- Carry hemoglobin
- Transport oxygen
- Transport carbon dioxide
- Buffer (pH regulation)
RBC Counts
- Males: 4.8-5.8 million cells/mm3
- Females: 4.2-5.2 million cells/mm3
RBC Life Span
- 120 days
Erythropoiesis
- The process of RBC formation
ABO Blood Group System
- The ABO blood group system categorizes human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (A and B) on red blood cells.
- There are four main blood types:
- Type A: Contains antigen A and antibody B in the plasma.
- Type B: Contains antigen B and antibody A in the plasma.
- Type AB: Contains both antigen A and antigen B, but no antibodies against A or B.
- Type O: Contains neither antigen A nor antigen B, but has both antibody A and antibody B in the plasma.
- Blood type inheritance is determined by two alleles (A and B) and a recessive allele (O):
- AA or AO: Type A
- BB or BO: Type B
- AB: Type AB
- OO: Type O
- Matching ABO blood types during blood transfusions is crucial to prevent potentially fatal hemolytic reactions.
- In pregnancy, ABO incompatibility between mother and fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
Rh Factor
- The Rh factor is a protein (D antigen) that can be present on the surface of red blood cells.
- Individuals with the D antigen are Rh positive (Rh+), while those without it are Rh negative (Rh-).
- Rh factor inheritance is independent of the ABO system with Rh positivity being dominant over Rh negativity.
- Matching Rh types during transfusions is essential to avoid complications. Rh- individuals who receive Rh+ blood can develop antibodies, posing risks for future transfusions.
- In pregnancies where an Rh- mother carries an Rh+ fetus, Rh incompatibility can occur, leading to HDN.
- Administration of Rh immunoglobulin (Rho(D) immune globulin) to Rh- mothers prevents the development of antibodies.
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Description
Explore the roles and functions of leukocytes, including lymphocytes and monocytes. Understand how chemotherapy impacts these vital components of the immune system, particularly in relation to cancer treatment. This quiz will enhance your grasp of hematology and its clinical significance.
