Questions and Answers
What are the two requirements established in Aguilar v. Texas (1964) for informants to establish probable cause?
What test replaced the Aguilar-Spinelli Test as per Illinois v. Gates?
Totality of the circumstances test
In Spinelli v. U.S. (1969), the police asserted evidence for the reliability of the informant.
False
What was the main ruling in Illinois v. Gates (1983) regarding probable cause?
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What does the ruling in Ybarra v. Illinois (1979) state about searching individuals?
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What was the key finding in Maryland v. Pringle (2003) regarding arrests in a car?
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Study Notes
Aguilar v. Texas (1964)
- Established a two-pronged test for informants to establish probable cause.
- Criteria includes informant’s basis of knowledge and informant's reliability or veracity.
- Must provide evidence supporting the assertions in a warrant application.
- Replaced by the Illinois v. Gates ruling, moving away from the strict Aguilar-Spinelli test.
Spinelli v. U.S. (1969)
- Involved arrest based on informant tips regarding illegal bookmaking by Spinelli.
- Police failed to provide evidence for the informant's basis of knowledge and reliability.
- Established that warrant applications reliant on informant information require supporting evidence for both basis of knowledge and credibility.
Illinois v. Gates (1983)
- Originated from an anonymous tip about drug transportation by the Gates couple, with specifics on travel plans.
- Police corroborated the tip through various records, including hotel and airport documentation.
- Introduced a totality of the circumstances test, allowing deficiencies in one area to be compensated by strengths in another, while still considering basis of knowledge and informant credibility.
Ybarra v. Illinois (1979)
- Context involved searching a tavern and its bartender under a narcotics warrant, leading to unnecessary searches of patrons.
- Ruling established that probable cause must be specific to the individual being searched, not just based on proximity to suspected individuals.
- Reinforced that mere association with suspected criminals does not justify a search.
Maryland v. Pringle (2003)
- Case centered on three individuals in a car containing cocaine, all were arrested without admission of ownership.
- Court found that occupants often share a common interest in hiding wrongdoing, indicating probable cause.
- Determined that the officer had probable cause to arrest all three individuals given the circumstances.
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Description
Explore the critical concepts surrounding the Aguilar v. Texas case from 1964, which established the two-pronged test for relying on informants to establish probable cause. This flashcard set covers the essentials of the case, including the requirements for an informant's basis of knowledge and reliability. Understand the nuances that led to the evolution of warrant application standards.
