Lecture 4: Personality in Health Contexts

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Questions and Answers

Which type of health locus of control (HLoC) is positively associated with a healthy diet?

Internal HLoC (correct)

Powerful others HLoC

Chance HLoC

None of the above

What is the relationship between Chance HLoC and diet?

Associated with a healthy diet

No significant association

Associated with a poor diet (correct)

Leads to greater dietary restrictions

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with Internal HLoC according to the results?

Lower levels of anxiety (correct)

Higher physical quality of life

Comparative self-rated health

Educational attainment

How does Powerful others HLoC affect physical quality of life?

It is associated with higher levels of physical quality of life Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factor shows a significant negative association with Internal HLoC based on the results?

Education Signup and view all the answers

What does higher levels of health self-efficacy generally correlate with in terms of HLoC?

Higher Internal HLoC Signup and view all the answers

Which health locus of control type is linked to increased levels of depression and anxiety?

Chance HLoC Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between educational attainment and HLoC?

Higher education is positively associated with Internal HLoC Signup and view all the answers

What does an Internal Locus of Control imply regarding health outcomes?

Health outcomes are under one's personal control. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Powerful Others Health Locus of Control reflect?

Relying on medical professionals for health management. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diabetes management, what does a Chance Health Locus of Control suggest?

Diabetes management is subject to random events and fate. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the Internal Health Locus of Control as per the Multidimensional Health LoC Scale?

My efforts significantly determine my health outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

According to the study by Morowatisharifabad et al. (2009), which of the following is a belief associated with the Powerful Others Health Locus of Control specific to diabetes?

Consulting my doctor is crucial for managing my diabetes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Self-efficacy in health-related behavior?

Confidence in one's ability to execute actions for health improvement. Signup and view all the answers

How does Emotional Intelligence affect sports performance according to the content?

It enhances team dynamics and coaching effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Planned Behaviour relate to in the context of health psychology?

The intentions behind health-related behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 4: Personality and Applied Contexts

Independent Reading: Hampson, S. E., Goldberg, L. R., Vogt, T. M., & Dubanoski, J. P. (2006). Forty years on: Teachers' assessments of children's personality traits predict self-reported health behaviors and outcomes at midlife. Health Psychology, 25(1), 57
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the role of Locus of Control and Self-efficacy in health behaviours and outcomes.
- Understand the role of trait and state anxiety in sports performance.
- Understand the influence of Emotional Intelligence on the performance of individual sportspeople, teams, and coaching staff.
Personality and Health Behaviours
- The Health Belief Model (HBM) links demographic variables and psychological characteristics to health motivation, perceived susceptibility and severity, perceived benefits and barriers, and cues to action, leading to health-related actions
- The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) describes factors influencing behaviour: background factors, behavioural beliefs, normative beliefs, attitude toward the behaviour, perceived norm, control beliefs, perceived behavioral control, actual control, and environmental factors.
Recap on Locus of Control:
- Rotter's Locus of Control (learning theory approach):
  - Internal – outcomes are under one's control
  - External – outcomes are under the control of external factors (e.g., luck).
- Multidimensional Locus of Control:
  - Internal – outcomes are under one's control
  - Powerful others – outcomes are under the control of powerful others (e.g., government)
  - Chance – outcomes happen by chance (e.g., luck).
Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (Wallston & Wallston, 1978):
- Three subscales representing three factors: Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance. Includes examples in relation to health.
HLoC and Adherence to Diabetes Regime (Morowatisharifabad et al., 2009):
- Study on 120 Iranian diabetic patients, focusing on Internal Locus of Control, Powerful Others, and Chance health locus of control, in relation to adherence to diabetes regime and self-care.
Meta-analysis: HLoC and Health Outcomes (Cheung et al., 2016):
- Meta-analysis showing Internal HLoC positively associated with greater exercise, healthier diet, higher mental/physical quality of life and less depression/anxiety.
- Powerful others HLoC associated with lower alcohol consumption, higher physical quality of life, higher levels of depression/anxiety.
- Chance HLoC linked with poor diet, smoking, and lower physical/mental quality of life and higher depression/anxiety.
Associations between other factors and HLoC (Jacobs-Lawson et al., 2011):
- Study on 259 individuals of a certain age, examining the connection between HLoC and factors like age, education, marital status, health status, number of chronic ailments, and medication use. The research includes results, showing significant associations between several factors and the three types of HLoC.
Self-efficacy:
- Self-efficacy stems from learning theory for personality.
- Self-efficacy is a belief in one's capability to carry out particular actions or achieve particular goals.
- High self-efficacy associated with positive health outcomes.
- High levels often associated with healthy behaviour changes, improving self-care, and managing diseases/conditions.
- Research regarding self-efficacy and managing chronic disease (Peters et al., 2019) and self-efficacy in smoking cessation (Alexander et al., 2019) are examined -Modifying Health Self-Efficacy (Zhang et al. 2019): study that evaluated the effects of an intervention program on self-efficacy in participants suffering from chronic heart failure. The program involved individualised exercise and self-management components.
Self-efficacy and Smoking Cessation (Alexander et al., 2019):
- Research highlighted the role of discrimination on self-efficacy levels for smoking cessation in a sample of low socioeconomic status individuals
Dyadic approach to personality-health relationship:
- Focuses on how romantic partners influence each other's health.
- Conscientiousness predicts better health outcomes for partners.
- Neuroticism is linked to poorer health outcomes for partners.
- Openness and Extraversion show a connection with better partner health
The Dark Triad and Health-protective Behaviours (Hudek-Knezevic et al., 2021):
- Examined correlations between Dark Triad traits (Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, Narcissism) and health-protective behaviours (HPBs) in 188 couples
- Significant associations between specific Dark Triad traits and HPBs in both self-reported data and partner-reported data.
Health psychology and Personality (General)
- Research demonstrates variety of research linking personality and health.
- Importance of tailoring interventions, training, treatment and transformation by tracking changes.
- Health Psychologists role includes wellbeing promotion, support people dealing with psychological/emotional aspects of health&illness and promote healthy living, advisor role to improve healthcare systems.
Trait and State Anxiety (General)
- Trait anxiety is a stable characteristic, while state anxiety is evoked by a specific circumstance or event.
- Individuals high in trait anxiety are more likely to experience state anxiety at a higher level than those low in trait anxiety -Models to explain poor performance in high pressure situations (distraction and self-focus models)
Trait and State Anxiety, and performance (Horikawa & Yagi, 2012):
- Examined the impact of trait and state anxiety on athletic performance, investigating the factors impacting sports performance in high-pressure scenarios
Anxiety and performance: A more ecologically valid study (Geukes et al., 2017):
Study examining the relationship between anxiety and performance in a competitive sports setting using a more realistic methodology.
Emotional Intelligence (EI): Mayer and Salovey (1997):
Defined as the ability to understand one's own emotions and those of others, incorporating accurate perception, utilisation, comprehension, and managing one's own emotions.
Four branches (experiential and strategic) associated with the concept.
El and Sports Coaching Staff
- Coaching staff needing leadership skills including El
- Disappointments in sports common and requiring appropriate handling.
- Skills associated with El are required by coaching staff.
El and Athletes
- Athletes needing El to handle stressors like anxiety
- Understanding how emotions affect performance
- Effective interaction with others (teammates and coaches)
El and Sport Performance (Crombie et al., 2009):
- Study illustrating the impact on sports performance of the El construct and its impact on various important facets of sports.
A meta-analysis of El and sports performance (Kopp & Jekauc, 2018):
- Meta-analysis that evaluated the correlation between El and sports performance.
Improving El (Crombie et al., 2011):
- Study evaluating the effects of workshops on improving El in athletes.
Sport Psychology and Personality
- Professionals advise on building cohesion, helping athletes with personal development , optimizing sport performance, and addressing psychological consequences of injuries.

Further Learning Objectives (Revisited)

Understand the role of Locus of Control and Self-efficacy in health and behaviours and outcomes
Understand the role of trait and state anxiety in sports performance
Understand the influence of Emotional Intelligence on the performance of individuals, teams, and coaching staff.

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Description

Explore the intricate connections between personality traits like Locus of Control and Emotional Intelligence, and their impact on health behaviors and sports performance. This quiz delves into key theories such as the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour to enhance understanding of health motivations. Test your knowledge on how personality influences health outcomes and athletic performance.