Lecture-32: Particulate Matter in the Air
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Questions and Answers

What type of chemicals are found in particulates in the fraction PM2.5?

  • Bromide and iodide
  • Chloride and fluoride
  • Carbon dioxide and methane
  • Sulfate and nitrate (correct)
  • Why do PM2.5 sulfate and ozone tend to occur together in urban air pollution?

  • They have similar chemical properties (correct)
  • They are affected by the presence of water vapor
  • They are produced by the same sources
  • They have opposite effects on air quality
  • What is one major health effect associated with high levels of ozone?

  • Decreased incidence of lung disease
  • Increased risk of liver disease
  • Episodes of asthma (correct)
  • Higher rates of skin cancer
  • What does recent research suggest about the impact of PM2.5 and sulfate on cities?

    <p>They cause an increase in deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why particulate air pollution is considered a significant health risk?

    <p>There is no obvious level below which the public is protected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hydrocarbons like benzo(a) Pyrene included among the criteria air pollutants?

    <p>As they act as catalysts in smog formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of an unstable atmosphere on pollution dispersal?

    <p>Effluents are rapidly dispersed throughout the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a stable atmosphere?

    <p>Vertical mixing is very little</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of atmospheric condition is associated with sub adiabatic lapse rate?

    <p>Stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'neutral stability' refer to in the context of the atmosphere?

    <p>The ambient lapse rate equals the dry adiabatic lapse rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an inversion layer influence the dispersion of pollutants?

    <p>By restricting vertical mixing, leading to slow dispersion of pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of an elevated subsidence inversion?

    <p>Associated with high-pressure systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of particulates is associated with an elevated risk of mortality and morbidity, especially among asthmatics and the elderly?

    <p>PM 2.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary contributor to respirable particles indoors in developed countries?

    <p>Tobacco smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for particulate matter in ambient air?

    <p>265 μg/m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of particulates mainly consist of carbon-containing material and are produced from combustion?

    <p>PM 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do usual concentrations of particulates range from 500 μg/m3 in bars and waiting rooms to about 50 μg/m3?

    <p>Homes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do larger particulates (PM 10) differ from the smaller particulates (PM 2.5) in terms of their effect on human health?

    <p>Larger particulates are less harmful than smaller particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of lead in ambient air?

    <p>Combustion of leaded petrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to remove lead from gasoline according to the text?

    <p>To prevent nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dry adiabatic lapse rate refer to?

    <p>How quickly dry air cools as it rises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe air in motion from an area of high pressure to low pressure?

    <p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the moist adiabatic lapse rate depend on?

    <p>Amount of moisture the air can hold before condensation begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand natural processes responsible for dispersion of pollutants?

    <p>To prevent dangerous levels of pollutants near emission sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the degree of stability of the atmosphere according to the text?

    <p>Rate of change of ambient temperature with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes pollutants emitted from anthropogenic sources being transported and diluted in the atmosphere before reaching receptors?

    <p>Dispersion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process causes a dilution of air pollutant concentration?

    <p>Wind motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for determining day-to-day variations in air quality at a specific site?

    <p>Weather factors like wind strength and sunlight availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe air at a given altitude that has physical forces acting on it that make it want to remain at that elevation?

    <p>Stable air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor largely determines the ease with which pollutants can disperse vertically into the atmosphere?

    <p>Rate of change of air temperature with altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of atmosphere is described when the environmental lapse rate is greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate?

    <p>Super adiabatic atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption is made about the process of an air parcel moving upward or downward in the atmosphere?

    <p>The process is adiabatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the environmental lapse rate and the dry adiabatic lapse rate are exactly the same, what type of atmosphere is present?

    <p>Neutrally stable atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a rising parcel of air in a super adiabatic atmosphere?

    <p>It becomes warmer and less dense than the surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor that helps determine the ability of the atmosphere to dilute emissions?

    <p>Atmospheric stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative sign indicate in relation to temperature and altitude?

    <p>Temperature decreases with increasing altitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an air parcel that moves upward in the atmosphere?

    <p>It expands and cools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe an atmosphere where a displaced mass of air neither returns to its original position nor continues its displacement?

    <p>Neutrally stable atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

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