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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
- Carries amino acids to ribosomes
- Forms part of the ribosome structure
- Translates genetic code into proteins
- Encodes messages from genes to ribosomes (correct)
All organisms use ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material.
All organisms use ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material.
False (B)
What are the structural components of a nucleotide?
What are the structural components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
DNA undergoes __________ to create identical copies.
DNA undergoes __________ to create identical copies.
Match the following types of RNA with their functions:
Match the following types of RNA with their functions:
What property of water allows it to absorb a lot of energy before increasing in temperature?
What property of water allows it to absorb a lot of energy before increasing in temperature?
Solid water, or ice, sinks in liquid water.
Solid water, or ice, sinks in liquid water.
What is the pH range that must be maintained in blood?
What is the pH range that must be maintained in blood?
Water is a polar molecule, allowing it to dissolve __________ substances easily.
Water is a polar molecule, allowing it to dissolve __________ substances easily.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following is an example of a hydrophobic substance?
Which of the following is an example of a hydrophobic substance?
Explain why freshwater organisms can survive the winter.
Explain why freshwater organisms can survive the winter.
Hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the properties of water and life.
Hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the properties of water and life.
Organic molecules contain ______________.
Organic molecules contain ______________.
What are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen called?
What are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen called?
Functional groups do not affect the chemical properties of organic molecules.
Functional groups do not affect the chemical properties of organic molecules.
What are the four classes of biological monomers?
What are the four classes of biological monomers?
Which of the following functional groups is commonly found in carbohydrates?
Which of the following functional groups is commonly found in carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides are the ______________ of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides are the ______________ of carbohydrates.
Match the following biological monomers with their class:
Match the following biological monomers with their class:
Steroid hormones are modified structures based on cholesterol.
Steroid hormones are modified structures based on cholesterol.
What percentage of total body mass do carbohydrates constitute?
What percentage of total body mass do carbohydrates constitute?
Which of the following statements is true regarding polymers?
Which of the following statements is true regarding polymers?
What is the primary structure of proteins determined by?
What is the primary structure of proteins determined by?
All proteins have a quaternary structure.
All proteins have a quaternary structure.
What type of bond is formed when amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis?
What type of bond is formed when amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis?
A protein that is soluble in water is classified as a __________ protein.
A protein that is soluble in water is classified as a __________ protein.
Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:
Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:
Which of the following bonds helps stabilize secondary protein structure?
Which of the following bonds helps stabilize secondary protein structure?
Denatured proteins are biologically active.
Denatured proteins are biologically active.
What are the main types of secondary protein structures?
What are the main types of secondary protein structures?
The __________ are covalent bonds formed between sulfhydryl groups and play a role in tertiary structure.
The __________ are covalent bonds formed between sulfhydryl groups and play a role in tertiary structure.
Which type of protein forms long parallel bundles and is water-insoluble?
Which type of protein forms long parallel bundles and is water-insoluble?
What is the main function of enzymes?
What is the main function of enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that do not accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that do not accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.
What term is used for nonprotein molecules that assist enzyme catalysis?
What term is used for nonprotein molecules that assist enzyme catalysis?
The inactive forms of enzymes that must be processed to become active are called __________.
The inactive forms of enzymes that must be processed to become active are called __________.
Which of the following correctly describes the process of enzyme action?
Which of the following correctly describes the process of enzyme action?
Enzymes can work on any substrate without specificity.
Enzymes can work on any substrate without specificity.
What is activation energy?
What is activation energy?
The type of organic cofactors that assist enzymes are known as __________.
The type of organic cofactors that assist enzymes are known as __________.
Which mechanism describes how substrates fit into an enzyme's active site?
Which mechanism describes how substrates fit into an enzyme's active site?
Match the following terms related to enzymes with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to enzymes with their definitions:
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Study Notes
Water Properties
- Water exhibits cohesion, resulting in molecules sticking to each other.
- Moderates temperature by absorbing significant energy before heating.
- Releases heat at night, focusing on temperature control, including sweating.
- Water expands upon freezing, causing ice to float due to ordered hydrogen bonds forming a lattice structure.
- Freshwater organisms survive winter because ice insulating water beneath it.
- Water is a polar solvent, dissolving hydrophilic (water-loving) substances easily while hydrophobic (water-hating) substances, such as oils, do not dissolve.
- Buffers stabilize pH levels; blood pH maintained between 7.35-7.45.
Organic Molecules
- Organic molecules contain carbon and are characterized by carbon skeletons linked via covalent bonds.
- Hydrocarbons consist solely of carbon and hydrogen.
- Functional groups attached to carbon skeletons dictate chemical properties and functions of organic molecules.
- Biological molecules, mainly polymers, consist of repeating monomers.
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; represent 2-3% of body mass.
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars) act as the monomers of carbohydrates, combining through dehydration synthesis.
- Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides bonded together.
Proteins
- Formed from amino acids linked via peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis.
- Small proteins consist of a single polypeptide; large proteins consist of multiple polypeptides.
- Primary structure defined by amino acid sequence; secondary structure includes α-helices or β-sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
- Tertiary structure represents a protein's three-dimensional shape, influenced by various bonds and interactions, including disulfide bridges and hydrophobic interactions.
- Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of polypeptide chains in multi-peptide proteins.
- Fibrous proteins are water-insoluble and function in structural roles; globular proteins are water-soluble and often serve as enzymes or antibodies.
- Denaturation leads to a loss of structure and biological activity of proteins.
Enzymes
- Enzymes function as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
- They can include cofactors and coenzymes, which assist in catalysis.
- Enzymes are highly specific, efficiently increasing reaction rates by lowering activation energy.
- Proenzymes are inactive forms that require specific conditions for activation.
Nucleic Acids
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; exist as DNA or RNA.
- Genes, segments of DNA, code for specific proteins and are transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins.
- Nucleotides serve as monomers, consisting of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
- DNA contains the bases A, T, C, G; RNA contains A, U, C, G.
- DNA features a double helix structure, while RNA is single-stranded with various functional types including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
- DNA replication creates duplicates, while mutations signify changes in nucleotide sequences.
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