Lecture 2: Chemical Organization Level

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Carries amino acids to ribosomes

Forms part of the ribosome structure

Translates genetic code into proteins

Encodes messages from genes to ribosomes (correct)

All organisms use ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material.

False

What are the structural components of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

DNA undergoes __________ to create identical copies.

replication Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of RNA with their functions:

mRNA = Carries genetic information from DNA rRNA = Component of ribosomes tRNA = Brings amino acids to the ribosome snRNA = Participates in RNA splicing Signup and view all the answers

What property of water allows it to absorb a lot of energy before increasing in temperature?

High specific heat Signup and view all the answers

Solid water, or ice, sinks in liquid water.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range that must be maintained in blood?

7.35-7.45 Signup and view all the answers

Water is a polar molecule, allowing it to dissolve __________ substances easily.

polar and charged Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Cohesion = Molecules sticking together Hydrophilic = Water-attracting substances Hydrophobic = Water-repelling substances Buffer = Minimizes changes in pH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hydrophobic substance?

Oil Signup and view all the answers

Explain why freshwater organisms can survive the winter.

Ice floats on water, providing an insulating layer that keeps the water below it liquid. Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the properties of water and life.

True Signup and view all the answers

Organic molecules contain ______________.

carbon Signup and view all the answers

What are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen called?

Hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

Functional groups do not affect the chemical properties of organic molecules.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the four classes of biological monomers?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functional groups is commonly found in carbohydrates?

Hydroxyl group Signup and view all the answers

Monosaccharides are the ______________ of carbohydrates.

monomers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biological monomers with their class:

Monosaccharides = Carbohydrates Fatty acids = Lipids Amino acids = Proteins Nucleotides = Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

Steroid hormones are modified structures based on cholesterol.

True Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body mass do carbohydrates constitute?

2-3% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding polymers?

Polymers are composed of a few subunits called monomers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of proteins determined by?

Gene sequence Signup and view all the answers

All proteins have a quaternary structure.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis?

peptide bond Signup and view all the answers

A protein that is soluble in water is classified as a __________ protein.

globular Signup and view all the answers

Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:

Primary Structure = Amino acid sequence Secondary Structure = Repeated folds such as alpha helices and beta sheets Tertiary Structure = Three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide Quaternary Structure = Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bonds helps stabilize secondary protein structure?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

Denatured proteins are biologically active.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of secondary protein structures?

alpha helices and beta sheets Signup and view all the answers

The __________ are covalent bonds formed between sulfhydryl groups and play a role in tertiary structure.

disulfide bridges Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein forms long parallel bundles and is water-insoluble?

Fibrous proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of enzymes?

To lower activation energy and accelerate reactions Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are biological catalysts that do not accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for nonprotein molecules that assist enzyme catalysis?

cofactors Signup and view all the answers

The inactive forms of enzymes that must be processed to become active are called __________.

proenzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the process of enzyme action?

Subtrates bind to the enzyme's active site. Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes can work on any substrate without specificity.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is activation energy?

The amount of energy required to break a bond Signup and view all the answers

The type of organic cofactors that assist enzymes are known as __________.

coenzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes how substrates fit into an enzyme's active site?

Lock and key mechanism Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to enzymes with their definitions:

Cofactors = Nonprotein molecules that assist enzyme activity Substrates = Reactants that enzymes act upon Proenzymes = Inactive forms of enzymes Active Site = Region where substrates bind to the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Water Properties

Water exhibits cohesion, resulting in molecules sticking to each other.
Moderates temperature by absorbing significant energy before heating.
Releases heat at night, focusing on temperature control, including sweating.
Water expands upon freezing, causing ice to float due to ordered hydrogen bonds forming a lattice structure.
Freshwater organisms survive winter because ice insulating water beneath it.
Water is a polar solvent, dissolving hydrophilic (water-loving) substances easily while hydrophobic (water-hating) substances, such as oils, do not dissolve.
Buffers stabilize pH levels; blood pH maintained between 7.35-7.45.

Organic Molecules

Organic molecules contain carbon and are characterized by carbon skeletons linked via covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons consist solely of carbon and hydrogen.
Functional groups attached to carbon skeletons dictate chemical properties and functions of organic molecules.
Biological molecules, mainly polymers, consist of repeating monomers.

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; represent 2-3% of body mass.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) act as the monomers of carbohydrates, combining through dehydration synthesis.
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides bonded together.

Proteins

Formed from amino acids linked via peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis.
Small proteins consist of a single polypeptide; large proteins consist of multiple polypeptides.
Primary structure defined by amino acid sequence; secondary structure includes α-helices or β-sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure represents a protein's three-dimensional shape, influenced by various bonds and interactions, including disulfide bridges and hydrophobic interactions.
Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of polypeptide chains in multi-peptide proteins.
Fibrous proteins are water-insoluble and function in structural roles; globular proteins are water-soluble and often serve as enzymes or antibodies.
Denaturation leads to a loss of structure and biological activity of proteins.

Enzymes

Enzymes function as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
They can include cofactors and coenzymes, which assist in catalysis.
Enzymes are highly specific, efficiently increasing reaction rates by lowering activation energy.
Proenzymes are inactive forms that require specific conditions for activation.

Nucleic Acids

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; exist as DNA or RNA.
Genes, segments of DNA, code for specific proteins and are transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins.
Nucleotides serve as monomers, consisting of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
DNA contains the bases A, T, C, G; RNA contains A, U, C, G.
DNA features a double helix structure, while RNA is single-stranded with various functional types including mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
DNA replication creates duplicates, while mutations signify changes in nucleotide sequences.

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Description

This quiz covers the chemical level of organization, focusing on fundamental concepts such as atomic and molecular structure, properties of water, and acid-base chemistry. Please refer to pages 43-57 for detailed information. A review of pages 28-43 is recommended for those needing a refresher.

Lecture 2: Chemical Organization Level

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

All organisms use ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material.

What are the structural components of a nucleotide?

DNA undergoes __________ to create identical copies.

Match the following types of RNA with their functions:

What property of water allows it to absorb a lot of energy before increasing in temperature?

Solid water, or ice, sinks in liquid water.

What is the pH range that must be maintained in blood?

Water is a polar molecule, allowing it to dissolve __________ substances easily.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which of the following is an example of a hydrophobic substance?

Explain why freshwater organisms can survive the winter.

Hydrogen bonds play a significant role in the properties of water and life.

Organic molecules contain ______________.

What are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen called?

Functional groups do not affect the chemical properties of organic molecules.

What are the four classes of biological monomers?

Which of the following functional groups is commonly found in carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides are the ______________ of carbohydrates.

Match the following biological monomers with their class:

Steroid hormones are modified structures based on cholesterol.

What percentage of total body mass do carbohydrates constitute?

Which of the following statements is true regarding polymers?

What is the primary structure of proteins determined by?

All proteins have a quaternary structure.

What type of bond is formed when amino acids undergo dehydration synthesis?

A protein that is soluble in water is classified as a __________ protein.

Match the following protein structures with their descriptions:

Which of the following bonds helps stabilize secondary protein structure?

Denatured proteins are biologically active.

What are the main types of secondary protein structures?

The __________ are covalent bonds formed between sulfhydryl groups and play a role in tertiary structure.

Which type of protein forms long parallel bundles and is water-insoluble?

What is the main function of enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that do not accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.

What term is used for nonprotein molecules that assist enzyme catalysis?

The inactive forms of enzymes that must be processed to become active are called __________.

Which of the following correctly describes the process of enzyme action?

Enzymes can work on any substrate without specificity.

What is activation energy?

The type of organic cofactors that assist enzymes are known as __________.

Which mechanism describes how substrates fit into an enzyme's active site?

Match the following terms related to enzymes with their definitions:

Study Notes

Water Properties

Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Enzymes

Nucleic Acids

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Description

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