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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the lecture on ergogenic aids?
What is the primary focus of the lecture on ergogenic aids?
Cold, wet, and windy environments do not influence physiological responses to exercise.
Cold, wet, and windy environments do not influence physiological responses to exercise.
False
What is the hypothesized 'cutoff' point identified by Pugh?
What is the hypothesized 'cutoff' point identified by Pugh?
The hypothesized cutoff point refers to a specific threshold in physiological responses to exercise under varying conditions.
Creatine Monohydrate supplementation primarily impacts exercise of short duration, specifically lasting less than _____ seconds.
Creatine Monohydrate supplementation primarily impacts exercise of short duration, specifically lasting less than _____ seconds.
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Match ergogenic aids with their effects:
Match ergogenic aids with their effects:
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Which of the following is a physiological measurement taken during the study protocol?
Which of the following is a physiological measurement taken during the study protocol?
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Creatine supplementation increases intramuscular stores of phosphocreatine.
Creatine supplementation increases intramuscular stores of phosphocreatine.
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What are the two main types of illegal ergogenic aids discussed?
What are the two main types of illegal ergogenic aids discussed?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration at rest?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration at rest?
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Tidal Volume for men is greater than that for women.
Tidal Volume for men is greater than that for women.
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What is the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute called?
What is the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute called?
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Spirometry is the measurement technique used to measure ________ volumes.
Spirometry is the measurement technique used to measure ________ volumes.
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Match the lung volumes with their respective definitions:
Match the lung volumes with their respective definitions:
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What happens to breathing frequency during exercise?
What happens to breathing frequency during exercise?
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Fick’s Law of Diffusion states that O2 and CO2 will diffuse across tissue if there is a pressure gradient.
Fick’s Law of Diffusion states that O2 and CO2 will diffuse across tissue if there is a pressure gradient.
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What is the estimated decrease in VO2 max for every 1000 meters of altitude greater than 1500 meters?
What is the estimated decrease in VO2 max for every 1000 meters of altitude greater than 1500 meters?
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During prolonged submaximal exercise, ventilation tends to drift ______.
During prolonged submaximal exercise, ventilation tends to drift ______.
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Match the following components of CO2 transport with their percentages in the blood:
Match the following components of CO2 transport with their percentages in the blood:
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Which of the following is NOT a method of heat loss?
Which of the following is NOT a method of heat loss?
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Humidity decreases the risk of heat-related injuries during exercise in hot conditions.
Humidity decreases the risk of heat-related injuries during exercise in hot conditions.
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What physiological change is observed in trained individuals regarding VO2 max and exercise?
What physiological change is observed in trained individuals regarding VO2 max and exercise?
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Hypothermia occurs when heat loss is greater than ______ production.
Hypothermia occurs when heat loss is greater than ______ production.
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Study Notes
Lecture 15: Muscles of Ventilation
- Inspiration involves the diaphragm and accessory muscles like the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and external intercostals.
- Expiration is a passive process at rest, but during exercise uses internal intercostals, external/internal obliques, and transverse abdominis.
- Changes in lung pressure drive air flow.
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pulmonary ventilation is the amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute.
- Resting tidal volume (Vt) is 500ml for men and 500ml for women.
- Resting breathing frequency (f) is 15 breaths/minute.
- Dead space ventilation (Vd) is the unused air in the conducting zone, not involved in gas exchange.
Measuring Lung Volume
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Spirometry measures lung volumes.
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Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air inspired and expired per breath (600ml in men and 500ml in women).
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the maximal volume that can be inhaled after a normal breath (3000ml in men and 1900ml in women).
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the maximal volume that can be exhaled after a normal breath (1200ml in men and 800ml in women).
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Residual lung volume (RLV) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (1200ml in men and 1000ml in women).
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Total lung capacity (TLC) is the total volume of air the lungs can hold.
Lecture 16: Oxygen Transport
- Hemoglobin (Hb) carries approximately 99% of oxygen in the blood.
- Oxyhemoglobin is oxygen bound to Hb.
- Deoxyhemoglobin is oxygen unbound to Hb.
- Blood pH decreases during exercise, which results in a rightward shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve (Bohr effect). This facilitates unloading of oxygen to tissues.
- Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle tissue.
Lecture 17: Altitude
- Altitude decreases partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).
- At high altitudes, there physiological adaptations to conserve oxygen.
- Breathing frequency and tidal volume increase at higher altitudes, this is due to decrease in arterial PO2.
- Physical adaptations include barrel-shaped chest, larger lung volume, larger hearts, increased capillary density, and greater red blood cell count.
Lecture 18: Thermoregulation (Heat)
- Body temperature regulation is maintained by a balance between heat production and heat loss.
- Voluntary heat production occurs during exercise, while involuntary heat production occurs through shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis.
- Heat loss occurs through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
Lecture 19: Thermoregulation (Cold)
- Cold stress can cause heat loss, if loss of body heat exceeds the rate of production, hypothermia occurs.
- Physiological changes are seen at high intensity in cold temperatures.
- Heart rate & oxygen consumption may increase during cold conditions to maintain body temperature.
Lecture 20: Ergogenic Aids
- Ergogenic aids are substances or phenomena that can improve physical performance.
- Steroids are illegal ergogenic aids used to increase muscle hypertrophy.
- Blood doping is another illegal ergogenic aid.
Lecture 21: Pregnancy and Exercise
- Exercise during pregnancy is appropriate and safe.
- Physiological adaptations in pregnancies are similar to adaptations to aerobic exercise, except no change in VO2 maximum.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of lung mechanics and muscle involvement in ventilation. It explores the processes of inspiration and expiration, highlighting key muscles and lung volume measurements. Test your understanding of pulmonary ventilation and related physiological terms.
