Muscles of Respiration Quiz
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Muscles of Respiration Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for quiet inhalation?

  • Diaphragm (correct)
  • Serratus anterior
  • Internal intercostals
  • Rectus abdominis

    • What primarily causes normal expiration?

  • Accessory muscle engagement
  • Increased atmospheric pressure
  • Elastic recoil of lungs (correct)
  • Active muscle contraction

    • Which of the following processes is NOT involved in external respiration?

  • Pulmonary ventilation
  • Gas exchange across alveolar membranes
  • Respiratory muscle relaxation (correct)
  • Transport of CO2 in the systemic capillaries

    • In forced exhalation, which muscles are primarily activated?

    <p>Accessory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about inhalation and exhalation is accurate?

    <p>Exhalation can be both passive and active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists during forced inhalation?

    <p>Pectoralis minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?

    <p>Assist in rib cage movement for inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during gas exchange in alveolar membranes?

    <p>Oxygen enters the bloodstream from alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily affected by changes in intra-alveolar pressure?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the alveolar pressure during inspiration?

    <p>It decreases to 758 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does intrapleural pressure change during forced expiration?

    <p>It becomes more positive than at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transpulmonary pressure?

    <p>The pressure difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which describes pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>The cycle of air movement between lungs and atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>Negative alveolar pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a normal breathing cycle, what is the typical alveolar pressure in mm Hg at rest?

    <p>760 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pleural pressure during deep inspiration?

    <p>It decreases to- 10 cm H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>Decrease in intra-thoracic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes what happens during expiration?

    <p>The diaphragm relaxes, reducing the vertical diameter of the chest cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of negative intrapleural pressure?

    <p>Prevents the lungs from collapsing and stabilizes the chest wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does air move from lungs to the atmosphere during expiration?

    <p>Due to increased alveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does viscosity affect air flow during pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Higher viscosity increases resistance to flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the movement of air during pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Pressure differences between areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure is higher at the peak of inspiration?

    <p>Alveolar pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles?

    <p>Increased intra-thoracic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily involved in the process of inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the alveolar pressure during normal expiration?

    <p>It rises minimally from 760 to approximately 763 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does surface roughness have during airflow?

    <p>It increases resistance to airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is incorrect regarding pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Inspiration reduces intra-alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the airflow during respiration?

    <p>Color of the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the respiratory muscles during breathing mechanics?

    <p>To change the pressure and volume in the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pressures is crucial for breathing mechanics?

    <p>Transpulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle involved in breathing?

    <p>External laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lung compliance a measure of in respiratory mechanics?

    <p>Effort required to inflate the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Air moves in and out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for the production of sound in external respiration processes?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lung recoil during breathing mechanics?

    <p>To facilitate exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of breathing mechanics involves the negative pressure within the pleural cavity?

    <p>Inhalation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space in the larynx is located between the vocal folds?

    <p>Rima glottidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the relationship between pressure and volume as stated in breathing mechanics?

    <p>Pressure inversely affects volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cartilages is part of the unpaired cartilages in the larynx?

    <p>Cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the aryepiglottic folds?

    <p>Form the laryngeal inlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space in the larynx is found between the two vestibular folds?

    <p>Rima vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the motor supply to all laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid?

    <p>Recurrent laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does lung compliance play during the mechanics of breathing?

    <p>It indicates how easily the lungs expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure functions as the primary site for sound production in the respiratory system?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Rima glottidis and the vocal folds?

    <p>It is the space between the two vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure is primarily associated with the mechanics of breathing?

    <p>Transpulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the infraglottic space?

    <p>Located below the vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What affects the airflow during respiration the least?

    <p>Ambient temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration compared to atmospheric pressure?

    <p>It increases and becomes higher than atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal intrapleural pressure at the peak of inspiration?

    <p>-7.5 cm H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transpulmonary pressure a measure of?

    <p>Difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the negative pleural pressure at rest contribute to lung function?

    <p>It prevents the lungs from collapsing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During normal breathing, what pressure gradient causes air to flow into the lungs?

    <p>When alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in intrapleural pressure during deep inspiration?

    <p>It becomes more negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alveolar pressure during normal inspiration?

    <p>Slightly lower than atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the pleural pressure during forced expiration?

    <p>It becomes positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal atmospheric pressure in mm Hg concerning the breathing cycle?

    <p>760 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lung volume during inspiration?

    <p>It increases as pressure decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes passive exhalation during normal breathing?

    <p>Utilizes elastic recoil of the lungs and associated structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is classified as an accessory muscle of inspiration?

    <p>Serratus anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide via red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>Transport of gases in capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forced inhalation, which group of muscles is primarily activated?

    <p>Accessory respiratory muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to breathing, what does the term 'intra-alveolar pressure' refer to?

    <p>Pressure inside the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

    <p>It contracts and moves downward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the mechanics of breathing is accurate?

    <p>Exhalation can be both passive and active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the external intercostal muscles play during quiet breathing?

    <p>They help expand the rib cage during inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of accessory respiratory muscles?

    <p>Increased physical activity or respiratory demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the mechanics of breathing vary between quiet and forced exhalation?

    <p>Quiet exhalation is passive while forced exhalation requires muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during expiration in terms of intra-thoracic pressure?

    <p>It increases, forcing air out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pressure relate to volume during pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Pressure is inversely related to volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does surface roughness have on airflow?

    <p>It increases resistance and reduces airflow efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the movement of air during pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Color of the surrounding environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes air to move from the lungs to the atmosphere during expiration?

    <p>Increased alveolar pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical range of increased alveolar pressure during expiration?

    <p>760-763 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the primary inspiration process?

    <p>Inspiratory muscles contract to increase volume of lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles?

    <p>Decrease in the vertical diameter of the chest cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the behavior of air during pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Air moves in response to pressure differentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by increased viscosity in pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Increased resistance to airflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscles of Respiration

    • Muscles of inspiration:
      • Principal muscles: Diaphragm, External intercostals
      • Accessory muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, Scaleni, Serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor
    • Muscles of expiration: Normal expiration is due to the elastic recoil of the lungs and associated structures
      • Muscles of forced expiration: Internal intercostal, External oblique abdominis, Internal oblique abdominis, Rectus abdominis, Transversus abdominis

    Functions of Respiratory Muscles

    • The diaphragm is the main muscle of inspiration, it contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity
    • The external intercostals help to elevate the ribs, increasing the anteroposterior and transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity
    • Accessory muscles of inspiration are used during forced inhalation or when there is increased demand for air

    Pulmonary ventilation

    • The process of air moving from the atmosphere to cells for metabolism is called external respiration, this includes: pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange across the alveolar membranes, transport of O2 and CO2, and gas exchange from systemic capillaries
    • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) involves bringing air into the lungs from the environment, it requires movement of the rib cage by respiratory muscles

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Inhalation is an active process that requires skeletal muscle contraction, muscles involved are diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles during forced inhalation
    • Exhalation can be passive or active, passive exhalation occurs when the muscles of inspiration relax allowing elastic recoil to decrease thoracic volume, active exhalation uses muscles of forced expiration to decrease thoracic volume

    Pulmonary Ventilation: Quiet vs Forced

    • Quiet inhalation involves contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
    • Quiet exhalation involves relaxation of inspiratory muscles
    • Forced inhalation involves contraction of diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles
    • Forced exhalation involves contraction of accessory muscles

    Alveolar Pressure

    • Intra-alveolar pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli
    • Alveolar pressure during inspiration is less than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move into the alveoli
    • Alveolar pressure during expiration is greater than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move out of the alveoli

    Pleural and Transpleural Pressure

    • Intrapleural pressure (pleural pressure) is the pressure within the space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura, it is normally negative to prevent the collapse of lungs.
    • Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar and pleural pressure, it represents the force that keeps the alveoli open.

    Role of Negative Intrapleural Pressure

    • At rest, the intrapleural pressure is negative and prevents the lungs from collapsing and the chest wall from going out.

    Factors Affecting Airflow

    • Factors affecting airflow include viscosity of air, surface roughness, and diameter of airways

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Breathing mechanics involves forces generated by pressure, volume, and flow changes during breathing
    • Factors involved in breathing mechanics include: respiratory muscles, alveolar pressure, pleural pressure, compliance of lungs and chest wall, lung recoil, and work of breathing.

    Larynx

    • The larynx is a hollow musculo-ligamentous structure with a cartilaginous framework at the top of the lower respiratory system
    • It is composed of 3 large unpaired cartilages (cricoid; thyroid; epiglottis) and 3 pairs of smaller cartilages (arytenoid; corniculate; cuneiform)

    Laryngeal Inlet

    • Formed by the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and the two arytenoids.

    Cavity of the Larynx

    • Contains vestibular folds and vocal folds
    • The space between the vestibular folds is called the rima vestibule
    • The space between the vocal folds is called the rima glottidis
    • The space between the vestibular and vocal folds is called the ventricle of the larynx or sinus of the larynx

    Laryngoscopic View

    • Allows visualization of the vocal cords, vestibular folds, and aryepiglottic folds

    Nerve Supply

    • Sensory: Internal laryngeal nerve supplies above the vocal cords, recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies below the vocal cords.
    • Motor: All muscles are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except the cricothyroid, which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.

    Larynx Anatomy

    • The larynx is a hollow, muscular structure with a cartilaginous framework.
    • It connects the lower respiratory tract to the upper respiratory tract.
    • The larynx is composed of three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis) and three pairs of smaller cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform).
    • The larynx also consists of a fibroelastic membrane and numerous intrinsic muscles.
    • The laryngeal inlet is formed by the superior margin of the epiglottis anteriorly, aryepiglottic folds laterally, and the transverse mucosal fold between the two arytenoids posteriorly.

    Larynx Cavity

    • The larynx cavity contains vestibular folds and vocal folds.
    • The rima vestibule is the space between the 2 vestibular folds.
    • The rima glottides is the space between the 2 vocal folds.
    • The ventricle of larynx or sinus of larynx is the space between the vestibular and vocal folds.

    Larynx Nerve Supply

    • The internal laryngeal nerve provides sensory innervation above the vocal cords, while the recurrent laryngeal nerve provides sensory innervation below the vocal cords.
    • All laryngeal muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve.

    Breathing Mechanics

    • Breathing mechanics involve the interplay of pressure, volume, and flow changes during the breathing cycle.
    • Respiration requires the coordinated function of respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, external intercostals, and other accessory muscles.
    • The pressure differences between the alveoli, pleura, and transpulmonary spaces are essential for ventilation.
    • The compliance of the lungs, chest wall, and their combined effect influence breathing mechanics.
    • The elastic recoil of the lungs, due to elastic and collagen fibers, helps with expiration.
    • The work of breathing is necessary to overcome airway resistance and the forces that oppose lung expansion.

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Pulmonary ventilation is the process of air movement between the atmosphere and the lungs.
    • It consists of inspiration (inflow) and expiration (outflow).
    • The pressure gradient between the lungs and atmosphere drives air movement.
    • Air moves into the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
    • Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure.

    Factors Affecting Airflow

    • Viscosity: higher viscosity leads to higher airway resistance.
    • Surface roughness: a smoother surface provides less resistance to airflow.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various muscles involved in respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. This quiz covers both inspiration and expiration, as well as the functions of these muscles in pulmonary ventilation. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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