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Questions and Answers
Which muscle is primarily responsible for quiet inhalation?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for quiet inhalation?
What primarily causes normal expiration?
What primarily causes normal expiration?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in external respiration?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in external respiration?
In forced exhalation, which muscles are primarily activated?
In forced exhalation, which muscles are primarily activated?
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Which statement about inhalation and exhalation is accurate?
Which statement about inhalation and exhalation is accurate?
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Which muscle assists during forced inhalation?
Which muscle assists during forced inhalation?
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What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?
What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during breathing?
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What occurs during gas exchange in alveolar membranes?
What occurs during gas exchange in alveolar membranes?
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Which structure is primarily affected by changes in intra-alveolar pressure?
Which structure is primarily affected by changes in intra-alveolar pressure?
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What occurs to the alveolar pressure during inspiration?
What occurs to the alveolar pressure during inspiration?
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How does intrapleural pressure change during forced expiration?
How does intrapleural pressure change during forced expiration?
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What is transpulmonary pressure?
What is transpulmonary pressure?
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Which describes pulmonary ventilation?
Which describes pulmonary ventilation?
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What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
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During a normal breathing cycle, what is the typical alveolar pressure in mm Hg at rest?
During a normal breathing cycle, what is the typical alveolar pressure in mm Hg at rest?
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What happens to the pleural pressure during deep inspiration?
What happens to the pleural pressure during deep inspiration?
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What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
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Which statement accurately describes what happens during expiration?
Which statement accurately describes what happens during expiration?
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What is the primary function of negative intrapleural pressure?
What is the primary function of negative intrapleural pressure?
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Why does air move from lungs to the atmosphere during expiration?
Why does air move from lungs to the atmosphere during expiration?
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How does viscosity affect air flow during pulmonary ventilation?
How does viscosity affect air flow during pulmonary ventilation?
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What primarily determines the movement of air during pulmonary ventilation?
What primarily determines the movement of air during pulmonary ventilation?
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Which pressure is higher at the peak of inspiration?
Which pressure is higher at the peak of inspiration?
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What occurs immediately after the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles?
What occurs immediately after the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles?
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Which muscle is primarily involved in the process of inspiration?
Which muscle is primarily involved in the process of inspiration?
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What happens to the alveolar pressure during normal expiration?
What happens to the alveolar pressure during normal expiration?
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What effect does surface roughness have during airflow?
What effect does surface roughness have during airflow?
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Which of the following is incorrect regarding pulmonary ventilation?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding pulmonary ventilation?
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Which factor does NOT affect the airflow during respiration?
Which factor does NOT affect the airflow during respiration?
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What is the primary role of the respiratory muscles during breathing mechanics?
What is the primary role of the respiratory muscles during breathing mechanics?
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Which of the following pressures is crucial for breathing mechanics?
Which of the following pressures is crucial for breathing mechanics?
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Which nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle involved in breathing?
Which nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle involved in breathing?
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What is lung compliance a measure of in respiratory mechanics?
What is lung compliance a measure of in respiratory mechanics?
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What occurs during the process of pulmonary ventilation?
What occurs during the process of pulmonary ventilation?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the production of sound in external respiration processes?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the production of sound in external respiration processes?
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What is the role of lung recoil during breathing mechanics?
What is the role of lung recoil during breathing mechanics?
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Which phase of breathing mechanics involves the negative pressure within the pleural cavity?
Which phase of breathing mechanics involves the negative pressure within the pleural cavity?
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Which space in the larynx is located between the vocal folds?
Which space in the larynx is located between the vocal folds?
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What best describes the relationship between pressure and volume as stated in breathing mechanics?
What best describes the relationship between pressure and volume as stated in breathing mechanics?
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Which of the following cartilages is part of the unpaired cartilages in the larynx?
Which of the following cartilages is part of the unpaired cartilages in the larynx?
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What is the function of the aryepiglottic folds?
What is the function of the aryepiglottic folds?
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Which space in the larynx is found between the two vestibular folds?
Which space in the larynx is found between the two vestibular folds?
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Which nerve is responsible for the motor supply to all laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid?
Which nerve is responsible for the motor supply to all laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid?
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What role does lung compliance play during the mechanics of breathing?
What role does lung compliance play during the mechanics of breathing?
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Which structure functions as the primary site for sound production in the respiratory system?
Which structure functions as the primary site for sound production in the respiratory system?
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What is the relationship between the Rima glottidis and the vocal folds?
What is the relationship between the Rima glottidis and the vocal folds?
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Which pressure is primarily associated with the mechanics of breathing?
Which pressure is primarily associated with the mechanics of breathing?
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Which of the following describes the infraglottic space?
Which of the following describes the infraglottic space?
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What affects the airflow during respiration the least?
What affects the airflow during respiration the least?
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What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration compared to atmospheric pressure?
What happens to alveolar pressure during expiration compared to atmospheric pressure?
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What is the normal intrapleural pressure at the peak of inspiration?
What is the normal intrapleural pressure at the peak of inspiration?
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What is the transpulmonary pressure a measure of?
What is the transpulmonary pressure a measure of?
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How does the negative pleural pressure at rest contribute to lung function?
How does the negative pleural pressure at rest contribute to lung function?
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During normal breathing, what pressure gradient causes air to flow into the lungs?
During normal breathing, what pressure gradient causes air to flow into the lungs?
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What change occurs in intrapleural pressure during deep inspiration?
What change occurs in intrapleural pressure during deep inspiration?
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What is the alveolar pressure during normal inspiration?
What is the alveolar pressure during normal inspiration?
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What occurs to the pleural pressure during forced expiration?
What occurs to the pleural pressure during forced expiration?
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What is the normal atmospheric pressure in mm Hg concerning the breathing cycle?
What is the normal atmospheric pressure in mm Hg concerning the breathing cycle?
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What happens to lung volume during inspiration?
What happens to lung volume during inspiration?
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What characterizes passive exhalation during normal breathing?
What characterizes passive exhalation during normal breathing?
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Which of the following muscles is classified as an accessory muscle of inspiration?
Which of the following muscles is classified as an accessory muscle of inspiration?
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What process involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide via red blood cells (RBCs)?
What process involves the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide via red blood cells (RBCs)?
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During forced inhalation, which group of muscles is primarily activated?
During forced inhalation, which group of muscles is primarily activated?
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In relation to breathing, what does the term 'intra-alveolar pressure' refer to?
In relation to breathing, what does the term 'intra-alveolar pressure' refer to?
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What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
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Which of the following statements about the mechanics of breathing is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the mechanics of breathing is accurate?
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What role do the external intercostal muscles play during quiet breathing?
What role do the external intercostal muscles play during quiet breathing?
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What triggers the activation of accessory respiratory muscles?
What triggers the activation of accessory respiratory muscles?
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How do the mechanics of breathing vary between quiet and forced exhalation?
How do the mechanics of breathing vary between quiet and forced exhalation?
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What happens during expiration in terms of intra-thoracic pressure?
What happens during expiration in terms of intra-thoracic pressure?
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How does pressure relate to volume during pulmonary ventilation?
How does pressure relate to volume during pulmonary ventilation?
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What effect does surface roughness have on airflow?
What effect does surface roughness have on airflow?
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Which factor does NOT influence the movement of air during pulmonary ventilation?
Which factor does NOT influence the movement of air during pulmonary ventilation?
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What primarily causes air to move from the lungs to the atmosphere during expiration?
What primarily causes air to move from the lungs to the atmosphere during expiration?
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What is the typical range of increased alveolar pressure during expiration?
What is the typical range of increased alveolar pressure during expiration?
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Which of the following correctly describes the primary inspiration process?
Which of the following correctly describes the primary inspiration process?
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What results from the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles?
What results from the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles?
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Which statement accurately reflects the behavior of air during pulmonary ventilation?
Which statement accurately reflects the behavior of air during pulmonary ventilation?
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What is indicated by increased viscosity in pulmonary ventilation?
What is indicated by increased viscosity in pulmonary ventilation?
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Study Notes
Muscles of Respiration
- Muscles of inspiration:
- Principal muscles: Diaphragm, External intercostals
- Accessory muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, Scaleni, Serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor
- Muscles of expiration: Normal expiration is due to the elastic recoil of the lungs and associated structures
- Muscles of forced expiration: Internal intercostal, External oblique abdominis, Internal oblique abdominis, Rectus abdominis, Transversus abdominis
Functions of Respiratory Muscles
- The diaphragm is the main muscle of inspiration, it contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity
- The external intercostals help to elevate the ribs, increasing the anteroposterior and transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity
- Accessory muscles of inspiration are used during forced inhalation or when there is increased demand for air
Pulmonary ventilation
- The process of air moving from the atmosphere to cells for metabolism is called external respiration, this includes: pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange across the alveolar membranes, transport of O2 and CO2, and gas exchange from systemic capillaries
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) involves bringing air into the lungs from the environment, it requires movement of the rib cage by respiratory muscles
Mechanics of Breathing
- Inhalation is an active process that requires skeletal muscle contraction, muscles involved are diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles during forced inhalation
- Exhalation can be passive or active, passive exhalation occurs when the muscles of inspiration relax allowing elastic recoil to decrease thoracic volume, active exhalation uses muscles of forced expiration to decrease thoracic volume
Pulmonary Ventilation: Quiet vs Forced
- Quiet inhalation involves contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
- Quiet exhalation involves relaxation of inspiratory muscles
- Forced inhalation involves contraction of diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles
- Forced exhalation involves contraction of accessory muscles
Alveolar Pressure
- Intra-alveolar pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli
- Alveolar pressure during inspiration is less than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move into the alveoli
- Alveolar pressure during expiration is greater than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move out of the alveoli
Pleural and Transpleural Pressure
- Intrapleural pressure (pleural pressure) is the pressure within the space between the lung pleura and chest wall pleura, it is normally negative to prevent the collapse of lungs.
- Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar and pleural pressure, it represents the force that keeps the alveoli open.
Role of Negative Intrapleural Pressure
- At rest, the intrapleural pressure is negative and prevents the lungs from collapsing and the chest wall from going out.
Factors Affecting Airflow
- Factors affecting airflow include viscosity of air, surface roughness, and diameter of airways
Mechanics of Breathing
- Breathing mechanics involves forces generated by pressure, volume, and flow changes during breathing
- Factors involved in breathing mechanics include: respiratory muscles, alveolar pressure, pleural pressure, compliance of lungs and chest wall, lung recoil, and work of breathing.
Larynx
- The larynx is a hollow musculo-ligamentous structure with a cartilaginous framework at the top of the lower respiratory system
- It is composed of 3 large unpaired cartilages (cricoid; thyroid; epiglottis) and 3 pairs of smaller cartilages (arytenoid; corniculate; cuneiform)
Laryngeal Inlet
- Formed by the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and the two arytenoids.
Cavity of the Larynx
- Contains vestibular folds and vocal folds
- The space between the vestibular folds is called the rima vestibule
- The space between the vocal folds is called the rima glottidis
- The space between the vestibular and vocal folds is called the ventricle of the larynx or sinus of the larynx
Laryngoscopic View
- Allows visualization of the vocal cords, vestibular folds, and aryepiglottic folds
Nerve Supply
- Sensory: Internal laryngeal nerve supplies above the vocal cords, recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies below the vocal cords.
- Motor: All muscles are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except the cricothyroid, which is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve.
Larynx Anatomy
- The larynx is a hollow, muscular structure with a cartilaginous framework.
- It connects the lower respiratory tract to the upper respiratory tract.
- The larynx is composed of three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis) and three pairs of smaller cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform).
- The larynx also consists of a fibroelastic membrane and numerous intrinsic muscles.
- The laryngeal inlet is formed by the superior margin of the epiglottis anteriorly, aryepiglottic folds laterally, and the transverse mucosal fold between the two arytenoids posteriorly.
Larynx Cavity
- The larynx cavity contains vestibular folds and vocal folds.
- The rima vestibule is the space between the 2 vestibular folds.
- The rima glottides is the space between the 2 vocal folds.
- The ventricle of larynx or sinus of larynx is the space between the vestibular and vocal folds.
Larynx Nerve Supply
- The internal laryngeal nerve provides sensory innervation above the vocal cords, while the recurrent laryngeal nerve provides sensory innervation below the vocal cords.
- All laryngeal muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve.
Breathing Mechanics
- Breathing mechanics involve the interplay of pressure, volume, and flow changes during the breathing cycle.
- Respiration requires the coordinated function of respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, external intercostals, and other accessory muscles.
- The pressure differences between the alveoli, pleura, and transpulmonary spaces are essential for ventilation.
- The compliance of the lungs, chest wall, and their combined effect influence breathing mechanics.
- The elastic recoil of the lungs, due to elastic and collagen fibers, helps with expiration.
- The work of breathing is necessary to overcome airway resistance and the forces that oppose lung expansion.
Pulmonary Ventilation
- Pulmonary ventilation is the process of air movement between the atmosphere and the lungs.
- It consists of inspiration (inflow) and expiration (outflow).
- The pressure gradient between the lungs and atmosphere drives air movement.
- Air moves into the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
- Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure.
Factors Affecting Airflow
- Viscosity: higher viscosity leads to higher airway resistance.
- Surface roughness: a smoother surface provides less resistance to airflow.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various muscles involved in respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. This quiz covers both inspiration and expiration, as well as the functions of these muscles in pulmonary ventilation. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
