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Questions and Answers
Habituation refers to an organism’s increasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
Habituation refers to an organism’s increasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
False
Classical Conditioning involves the association of a previously neutral stimulus with another stimulus to elicit a reflex.
Classical Conditioning involves the association of a previously neutral stimulus with another stimulus to elicit a reflex.
True
Operant Conditioning is a form of learning defined primarily by the changes in instincts and reflexive behaviors.
Operant Conditioning is a form of learning defined primarily by the changes in instincts and reflexive behaviors.
False
The Mere Exposure Effect describes a learned preference for stimuli that one has not previously encountered.
The Mere Exposure Effect describes a learned preference for stimuli that one has not previously encountered.
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Learning has a larger influence on behavior than instincts in humans.
Learning has a larger influence on behavior than instincts in humans.
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In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus can produce a learned response after being paired with a natural reflex-producing stimulus.
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus can produce a learned response after being paired with a natural reflex-producing stimulus.
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Operant conditioning primarily deals with involuntary reflexive behaviors.
Operant conditioning primarily deals with involuntary reflexive behaviors.
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B.F. Skinner is known for his work with rats and his contributions to behaviorism.
B.F. Skinner is known for his work with rats and his contributions to behaviorism.
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Positive reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
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The conditioned response in classical conditioning is the reflexive response that occurs naturally.
The conditioned response in classical conditioning is the reflexive response that occurs naturally.
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The Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike, states that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are more likely to occur again.
The Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike, states that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are more likely to occur again.
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There are five main components of classical conditioning.
There are five main components of classical conditioning.
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In operant conditioning, behavior is changed by its consequences.
In operant conditioning, behavior is changed by its consequences.
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Classical conditioning can be used to teach complex behaviors such as sitting up or rolling over.
Classical conditioning can be used to teach complex behaviors such as sitting up or rolling over.
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A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that produces a conditioned response before learning occurs.
A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that produces a conditioned response before learning occurs.
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Study Notes
Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning
- Learning is the process of acquiring new and lasting information or behaviors.
- Learning involves lasting change, not just reflexive reactions.
- Learning includes the mental processes involved in acquiring and maintaining information.
Learning's Effects on Behavior
- Humans learn new behaviors through observation.
- Learning has a greater influence on behavior than instincts, and represents an evolutionary advantage.
How We Learn
- We learn through association.
- Our minds constantly seek patterns, trends, and connections in our surroundings.
- We learn indirectly by using language to gain knowledge from others.
Types of Learning
- Simple learning includes habituation and mere exposure effect.
- Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it (e.g., car horns, emergency vehicle sirens become less noticeable).
- Mere exposure effect is a learned preference for stimuli previously experienced (e.g., a familiar voice).
Complex Learning
- Behavioral learning includes classical and operant conditioning.
- Classical conditioning describes learning through the association of stimuli.
- A stimulus is an event or situation that evokes a response.
Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) was a key figure in the study of learning.
- Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus is linked to another stimulus that elicits a reflex; after repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus by itself can produce that response.
- Neutral Stimulus: A stimulus that initially produces no conditioned response.
Pavlov's Experiment
- In Pavlov's experiment, a neutral stimulus (a bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food), which naturally produces a response (salivation); unconditioned stimulus evokes an unconditioned response (food evokes salivation).
- During repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus eventually becomes a conditioned stimulus (bell); evoking a conditioned response (salivation)
Components of Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves five main components:
- Neutral Stimulus (NS)
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
- Unconditioned Response (UR)
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Conditioned Response (CR)
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is a form of learning where the probability of a behavioral response changes based on its consequences
- Operant is an observable behavior "operating" within an environment
- Behaviors are strengthened by reinforcements, and diminished by punishment.
Effects of Operant Conditioning
- Reinforcement strengthens behavioral responses.
- Punishment diminishes behaviors.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
- B.F. Skinner was famous for his work on behaviorism and his studies of rats.
- Edward Thorndike's “Law of Effect” posits that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely repeated, while unfavorable ones less so.
Reinforcement
- Reinforcement (positive and negative) increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Positive reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus after a response, increasing the likelihood it will happen again
- Positive Reinforcement example: Getting paid for good grades.
- Negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus after a response, increasing the likelihood of it happening again
- Negative Reinforcement example: Taking advil to relieve a headache.
Punishment
- Punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
- Positive punishment involves presenting an averse/disliked stimulus after a behavior.
- Positive Punishment example: Detention after cheating on a test.
- Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior.
- Negative Punishment example: Having your phone taken away after failing classes.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
- Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary reflexive responses to stimuli.
- Operant conditioning involves voluntary responses based on consequences.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of learning, including classical and operant conditioning. Understand how humans acquire and maintain behaviors through observation and association. This quiz delves into various learning types and their effects on behavior.
