Leadership & Management Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary definition of leadership?

  • The operational management of daily tasks.
  • The ability to guide a group toward achieving goals. (correct)
  • A method of controlling organizational hierarchies.
  • The ability to implement ideas and instructions.

Which theory suggests that 'great leaders are born, not made'?

  • Great person theory (correct)
  • Transactional leadership theory
  • Situational leadership theory
  • Charismatic leadership theory

What is a significant critique of the great person theory?

  • It suggests that leadership skills can be acquired through training.
  • It fails to account for environmental influences on leadership. (correct)
  • It overlooks the historical context of leadership.
  • It assumes all leaders will naturally succeed in their roles.

According to charismatic leadership theory, which of the following is a common trait among charismatic leaders?

<p>Ability to attract or influence followers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about managers is true?

<p>Managers focus on day-to-day operations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do universalist theories of leadership focus on?

<p>Personal qualities shared by effective leaders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the great person theory be considered limited?

<p>It only emphasizes traits and ignores situational factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In charismatic leadership theory, which skill is emphasized as crucial for effective leaders?

<p>Public speaking skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for adaptive leaders to effectively address challenges within an organization?

<p>Listening to voices from below and protecting whistleblowers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is described as allowing employees to choose how to implement decisions?

<p>Permissive democrat leadership (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Muczyk & Reimann, which behavior is focused on ensuring tasks are completed efficiently?

<p>Directive behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for leaders to shift from a directive approach to a permissive one?

<p>A more skilled and motivated workforce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Scouller’s 3P model of leadership emphasize as crucial for leaders?

<p>Lifelong learning and personal development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of Scouller's dimensions of leadership?

<p>Setting high performance standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation would a directive leadership style be most effective?

<p>When quick decisions and actions are needed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of a purely democratic leadership style?

<p>It may not work if followers are unwilling to participate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is characterized by employees not participating in decision making?

<p>Autocratic leadership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that leadership is a process involving continuous improvement?

<p>Scouller’s levels of leadership (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organizational cultures impact the applicability of leadership styles?

<p>Some styles may face challenges in specific cultural contexts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high participation in decision-making often require from followers under democratic leadership?

<p>A willingness and ability to engage actively (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of permissive autocratic leadership?

<p>Leaders make decisions themselves without involvement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of private leadership?

<p>Influencing individuals on a one-to-one basis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior falls under individual task behaviors in private leadership?

<p>Discipline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does personal leadership primarily relate to?

<p>The personal characteristics of the leader (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category is NOT a dimension through which leaders can grow their effectiveness in personal leadership?

<p>Financial literacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of leadership styles, which trait is commonly associated with male leadership according to gender stereotypes?

<p>Dominant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following leadership styles is characterized by exchanges between the leader and group members?

<p>Transactional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between transformational and transactional leadership?

<p>Transactional aims for immediate compliance, transformational seeks long-term development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research suggests female leaders face disadvantages in evaluations primarily due to:

<p>Differential reactions to their behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between gender and leadership styles according to recent studies?

<p>Male leaders are seen as more effective in stereotypically male tasks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the negative evaluations of female leaders when they adopt male-stereotypical leadership styles?

<p>Role congruity theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does individualized consideration in leadership refer to?

<p>Recognizing and valuing each team member's unique contributions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stereotypical view associated with female leaders?

<p>Being aggressive and self-sufficient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The evaluation of female leaders varies based on the gender of the evaluators. What does this imply?

<p>Gender of evaluator directly impacts the perception of leadership effectiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leadership is characterized by being more communal and aligned with female leadership styles?

<p>Transformational (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leadership style is considered stereotypically masculine?

<p>Autocratic and task-oriented (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is supported by the study's findings?

<p>Male leaders do not receive negative evaluations when adopting feminine leadership styles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the sample size of the experimental study conducted?

<p>136 psychology students (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leadership behavior did female leaders adopt to avoid negative consequences in a male-dominant organization?

<p>Autocratic and task-oriented styles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were participants allocated to the different experimental conditions?

<p>Randomly assigned to experimental groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of leadership was primarily evaluated by participants in the study?

<p>The leader's effectiveness and capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the hypotheses that was rejected based on the study's results?

<p>Female leaders are evaluated worse by male evaluators than female evaluators. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adjectives were used to gauge the evaluation of the leaders?

<p>Positive and negative adjectives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic characteristic was noted among the psychology students participating in the study?

<p>Approximately 53% were women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the pilot study assess regarding the narratives presented to participants?

<p>The credibility, concision, and clarity of the narratives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which setting was chosen for the experimental task due to its gender neutrality?

<p>Public health hospital (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'role congruity theory' relate to in this study?

<p>Prejudice against female leaders based on gender roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding regarding the evaluations of female leaders using masculine styles?

<p>They received the least favorable evaluations overall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership styles tend to receive more favorable evaluations?

<p>Democratic and relationship-oriented (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior characterizes a production-oriented leader?

<p>They concentrate on the technical aspects of tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the leader's need to view the organization from an objective perspective?

<p>Get on the balcony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility of adaptive leaders when facing change?

<p>To shift responsibility for change to employees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do adaptive leaders manage the distress caused by change?

<p>By maintaining an appropriate level of pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should leaders do to maintain disciplined attention in the workforce?

<p>Encourage open discussion and confrontation of issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates a leader identifying an adaptive challenge?

<p>British Airways creating trust among employees and customers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging for leaders to adapt to change?

<p>They must shift their belief that they are the only ones who can solve problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary task for adaptive leaders regarding employee involvement?

<p>Allowing workers to take ownership of their roles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should adaptive leaders do to create a safe environment during change?

<p>Allow group discussions of challenges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does regulating distress involve for adaptive leaders?

<p>Balancing stress with motivational incentives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is essential for adaptive leaders when facilitating change?

<p>Encouraging diverse perspectives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of a leader in the context of adaptive challenges?

<p>To manage and encourage employee input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can adaptive leaders do to facilitate the adaptation process during changes?

<p>Advance shared organizational values and practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Kouzes and Posner's Leadership Practices Inventory?

<p>Measuring the extent to which individuals engage in exemplary leadership behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five practices of exemplary leadership identified by Kouzes and Posner?

<p>Inspire a follower's vision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of followership emphasize about the leader-follower dynamic?

<p>Followers play an active role and their actions impact group success (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quality of followership is defined as the ability to think critically and work independently?

<p>Self-management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many behavioral statements are included in the Leadership Practices Inventory?

<p>30 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of rating scale is used in the LPI observer section?

<p>1 to 10 scale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective follower according to Kelley?

<p>Possesses strong critical thinking abilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'challenging the process' in exemplary leadership?

<p>Seeking change and innovative improvements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of follower is described as passive and uncritical?

<p>The sheep (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What quality of followership helps keep members' morale and energy levels high?

<p>Commitment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice involves leaders actively involving others and fostering collaboration?

<p>Enable others to act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a defining characteristic of effective followers according to Kelley?

<p>Blind loyalty to superiors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does courage play in effective followership?

<p>It helps followers uphold their beliefs and ethical standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of transformational leaders that helps improve workforce motivation?

<p>Inspiring followers with a compelling vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior type is primarily concerned with task-related activities according to the Ohio State University study?

<p>Initiating behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant effect does the characteristic of idealized influence have on followers?

<p>It facilitates admiration and inspires commitment from followers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a common outcome of excessive initiating behaviors in leadership?

<p>Dependence on the leader for decision-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the behavioral theories, what is the focus of the Michigan University study on leadership?

<p>Analyzing the impact of leaders on small groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'intellectual stimulation' play in transformational leadership?

<p>It challenges followers to think creatively and overcome obstacles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential downside of transformational leadership has been identified in certain studies?

<p>It may cause emotional stress and burnout among the workforce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of leadership theories, what is the focus of consideration behaviors?

<p>Friendliness and supportiveness towards workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the evaluation of the transformational leadership theory generally perceive its effectiveness?

<p>It shows favorable results linked to leadership effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the quantitative method used in the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) considered valid?

<p>It is based on a 5-point scale for objective measuring. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an expected result when a leader demonstrates high levels of consideration behaviors?

<p>Enhanced trust and supportive relationships within the team (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'idealized influence' in transformational leadership encompass?

<p>Being a role model with strong moral values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of initiating behaviors in leadership?

<p>Defining structures and outlining tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of transformational leadership encourages individuals to align their interests with those of the group?

<p>Inspirational motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes yes-people in an organizational context?

<p>They actively support the leader without questioning their actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of follower is described as being critical and independent but passive in action?

<p>Alienated followers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of pragmatic followers?

<p>They tend to remain in the background of the group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes exemplary followers?

<p>They evaluate decisions independently before acceptance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do yes-people potentially impact an organization?

<p>They can diminish enthusiasm and initiative among the workforce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of Kelley’s followership styles theory regarding cultural differences?

<p>It may only be relevant to specific Western cultures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of follower is best known for being an 'early warning system' within an organization?

<p>The pragmatics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strength of exemplary followers in organizational settings?

<p>They can succeed without strong leadership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical of alienated followers?

<p>They often hold negative and cynical views. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kelley's theory suggests that effective followership can lead to what outcome in organizations?

<p>Higher morale and productivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which followership style is likely to question a leader's decisions and propose alternatives?

<p>Exemplary followers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential outcome results from leaders being weak in self-confidence, according to the text?

<p>They may form alliances with yes-people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kelley’s followership theory primarily emphasize?

<p>The types and characteristics of followers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is leveled at the reductionist approach of Kelley's followership styles?

<p>It ignores situational factors and nuances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leadership

The ability to influence a group toward a shared goal.

Management

Focuses on the daily operations of a team or organization, planning, organizing, controlling, and coordinating.

Universalist Leadership Theories

An attempt to explain the qualities and behaviors that effective leaders share, regardless of the situation.

Great Person Theory

The idea that great leaders are born with innate abilities that make them naturally suited for leadership.

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Nature vs. Nurture

A weakness of the Great Person Theory that focuses solely on innate talents and ignores the role of training or development.

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Charismatic Leadership Theory

Leaders with charisma possess traits that make them attractive and influential, encouraging followers to rally behind them.

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Charisma

The power to attract and influence followers.

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Interpersonal Skills

The ability to effectively communicate and interact with others.

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Inspirational Motivation

The ability of a leader to inspire and motivate followers by establishing a clear vision, values, and a sense of purpose.

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Idealized Influence

The degree to which a leader exemplifies the desired behaviors, values, and ethics, serving as a positive role model.

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Sensitivity to Environment

The capacity of a leader to identify and leverage opportunities, react to threats and risks, and adapt to changing circumstances.

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Intellectual Stimulation

The ability of a leader to challenge the status quo, encourage creative thinking, and foster innovation within their team.

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Individualized Consideration

The degree to which a leader focuses on the individual needs, growth, and well-being of their followers, providing personalized guidance and support.

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Transformational Leadership

A leadership style that emphasizes changing the way followers approach a situation and think about it.

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Consideration Behaviors

Actions that show the leader cares about the well-being of their workers, treating them with respect and empathy.

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Initiating (Structural) Behaviors

Behaviors that focus on defining tasks, setting standards, and ensuring the completion of work objectives.

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Behavioral Leadership Theory

A leadership style that emphasizes the specific behaviors leaders exhibit in a group or organization.

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Employee-oriented Leadership

Focuses on leadership behaviors that prioritize the well-being, needs, and development of employees.

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Idealized Influence

The degree to which a leader is admired, respected, and influential, often characterized by charisma, vision, and strong values.

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Good Communicators

The ability to communicate a vision effectively, inspire enthusiasm, and motivate followers to action.

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Popularity

The extent to which people are influenced by a leader and willingly follow their guidance.

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High Performance Standards

A style of leadership that emphasizes setting high standards, both for oneself and for others.

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Production-Oriented Leadership

A leadership style that focuses on the technical aspects of work, treating employees as tools to achieve production goals.

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Adaptive Leadership

The ability of a leader to effectively guide an organization through significant challenges and changes, requiring adaptation and re-evaluating existing norms and values.

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Adaptive Challenges

Challenges requiring organizations to fundamentally adapt their core values, beliefs, and practices to thrive in a changing environment. This is often triggered by evolving markets, rising costs, technology advancements, or environmental shifts.

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Distributing Responsibility for Change

The capacity for leaders to shift the responsibility for change from themselves to the entire workforce, empowering employees to become active participants in the adaptation process.

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Getting on the Balcony

The leader's ability to step back from the immediate action and observe the broader context of the situation, gaining a more objective perspective. This allows for better identification of challenges, power dynamics, and resistance.

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Identifying Adaptive Challenges

A leader's responsibility to identify the specific adaptive challenge facing the organization, analyzing the nature and scope of needed change. This involves understanding how the organization's core values, beliefs, and practices must be adapted to meet the new reality.

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Regulating Distress

The process of managing the stress and anxiety caused by change. This involves creating a safe environment for open communication, providing clear guidance and direction, and maintaining a balanced pace of change.

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Creating a Safe Environment for Expression

The leader's role in creating an environment where employees are comfortable expressing their thoughts and feelings about the changes without fear of reprisal. This fosters open dialogue and collaborative problem-solving.

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Building Norms and Managing Conflict

Leaders establishing clear norms, managing conflicts constructively, and setting a direction for the organization during change. This ensures the change is not overwhelming and there is a clear path forward.

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Maintaining a Presence During Change

A leader's responsibility to be present in the workforce, understanding the difficulties and stress caused by change while maintaining a steady and focused approach. This involves actively listening to employee concerns and providing support.

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Maintaining Disciplined Attention

A leader's ability to acknowledge and embrace diverse perspectives, beliefs, and work habits among employees. This requires an open mind and the willingness to engage in difficult conversations and confront crucial issues.

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Giving the Work Back to the Employee

The leader's responsibility to empower employees by releasing control and enabling them to take ownership of their work. This involves recognizing the unique knowledge and insights each employee brings to the table.

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Building Employee Confidence

The leader's ability to inspire confidence in employees, enabling them to take ownership of their work and actively participate in the change process. This involves fostering a belief in their abilities and supporting their involvement in decision-making.

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Directive Autocrat

A leadership style where the leader makes decisions alone without input from others, emphasizing control and direction. This style can be suitable for quick decisions and tasks with inexperienced workers, but can lead to low morale and lack of innovation.

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Directive Democrat

A leadership style in which the leader seeks feedback and encourages participation from team members in decision-making processes. This style promotes collaboration and can be effective for complex tasks that require various viewpoints, however, it may lead to slower decision-making and lack of clear direction.

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Permissive Autocrat

A leadership style where the leader makes decisions independently but allows team members to implement those decisions with little oversight. This style focuses on employee autonomy and trust, but can be risky if employees lack experience or proper guidance.

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Permissive Democrat

A leadership style considered the ideal in theory where the leader encourages high participatory decision-making and implementation with a strong focus on autonomy and employee skills. This style fosters a collaborative and empowered environment, but requires high levels of trust, skills and well-defined procedures.

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Leader Direction

The degree to which a leader controls and directs the process of decision-making and execution. It's one of the key dimensions of leadership.

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Worker Participation

The extent to which workers participate in the decision-making process of their work. It's another key dimension of leadership.

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Decision-Making Process

The process of making choices about how to address a situation or problem. This is distinct from the actual implementation of the decision in leadership.

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Execution Process

The practical actions taken to carry out a decision. This is distinct from the process of making the decision in leadership.

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Motivating Purpose

The ability to inspire and motivate others to work together towards a common goal. Leaders set direction and purpose, shaping the shared vision.

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Task Progress Results

The focus on tracking progress and performance towards the established goals. A leader ensures that the team is moving in the right direction effectively.

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Upholding Group Unity & Spirit

A leader's responsibility to cultivate positive relationships and a harmonious working environment. It involves fostering a sense of belonging and unity within the team.

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Attending to Individual Effectiveness

A leader's focus on developing and supporting individuals within the group to help them reach their full potential.

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Public Leadership

An outer level of leadership involving actions and behaviors that influence a group of people. It focuses on motivation, task progress, and group unity.

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3P Model of Leadership

Scouller's 3P model of leadership emphasizes that leaders are not born but developed. They need to improve themselves to become more effective through personal and public actions.

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Protect Voices of Leadership from Below

Leaders actively listen to employees expressing concerns or contradicting existing practices. This allows for identifying potential challenges and prevents organizational dangers.

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Private Leadership

A leadership style focusing on influencing individuals through individual task behaviors like setting goals, appraising, and disciplining, and individual building & maintenance behaviors like building relationships, assessing talent, and recognizing commitment.

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Personal Leadership

A leadership style that emphasizes the leader's personal qualities, skills, beliefs, emotions, and subconscious behaviors.

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Emotional Intelligence

The ability to understand and manage one's own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.

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Assertiveness

The ability to express oneself clearly and assertively, while respecting the opinions and feelings of others.

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Time Management

The ability to plan and manage one's time effectively to achieve desired outcomes.

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Transactional Leadership

A view of leadership that emphasizes the exchange of resources between the leader and followers.

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Prejudice towards Female Leaders

The tendency for individuals to hold negative perceptions of female leaders, particularly when they exhibit traditionally 'masculine' leadership behaviors.

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Role Congruity Theory

A theory explaining prejudice towards female leaders that suggests incongruence between female stereotypes and leadership roles is a primary source of bias.

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Prejudice Based on Descriptive Stereotypes

Prejudice against female leaders based on the belief that feminine characteristics are incompatible with leadership, such as being compassionate, sensitive, and nurturing.

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Prejudice Based on Prescriptive Stereotypes

Prejudice against female leaders based on the belief that stereotypical male leadership behaviors, such as assertiveness and dominance, are less desirable in women.

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Masculine Leadership Style

A leadership style that focuses on tasks, rules, and control, often seen as more masculine.

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Feminine Leadership Style

A leadership style emphasizing collaboration, relationships, and empathy, often associated with femininity.

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Independent Group Design

A study design where participants are randomly assigned to different groups, each receiving a different treatment or condition.

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Likert Scale

A type of question where respondents indicate their level of agreement or disagreement on a scale.

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Pilot Study

A research technique used to assess the reliability, clarity, and relevance of research materials, often done before the main study.

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Narrative Credibility

A measure of the extent to which participants find the information provided to be credible, clear, and believable.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The process of manipulating a variable to see its impact on another variable.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable being measured in a research study.

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Significant Difference

A situation where the outcome is not due to chance but a real effect of the manipulated variable.

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Research Design

The way a research study is conducted, including how participants are chosen, assigned to groups, and data is collected.

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Sample

A group of people who are representative of the larger population being studied.

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Confirmation Bias

The tendency to make judgments based on existing beliefs rather than objective evidence.

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Interpretation

The act of making a conclusion or decision based on the results of a study.

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Hypothesis

A statement that predicts the outcome of a study.

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Is leadership innate?

Leadership is not about innate traits, but learned behaviors that can be measured and taught.

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Kouzes & Posner's 5 Practices

The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership: Model the Way, Inspire a Shared Vision, Challenge the Process, Enable Others to Act, and Encourage the Heart.

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Model the Way

Leaders set strong examples by aligning their actions with their beliefs and values, creating clear standards of excellence, and demonstrating commitment.

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Inspire a Shared Vision

Leaders inspire others by sharing a vision and encouraging involvement in achieving a common goal.

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Challenge the Process

Leaders challenge the status quo by seeking innovative solutions, taking risks, and embracing learning through experimentation.

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Enable Others to Act

Leaders foster collaboration, build strong teams, and actively involve others in decision-making, empowering them to act.

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Encourage the Heart

Leaders recognize and appreciate contributions, celebrate achievements, and motivate individuals through encouragement, rewards, and recognition.

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LPI (Leadership Practices Inventory)

The Leadership Practices Inventory measures an individual's engagement in each of the five practices of exemplary leadership.

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Followership

Followership is the willingness to cooperate towards shared goals, actively contributing to a team effort.

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Commitment (Follower Quality)

Followers are committed to the team's goals, vision, or cause, and their energy and morale contribute to a positive team environment.

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Competence (Follower Quality)

Followers demonstrate initiative, manage their tasks well, and offer valuable contributions to the team, often excelling beyond average expectations.

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Courage (Follower Quality)

Followers adhere to ethical standards, upholding integrity even when faced with pressure or adversity.

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Critical Thinking (Follower)

Followers engage in critical thinking, analyze information, and contribute to the team's success through their independent judgments and problem-solving skills.

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Active Participation (Follower)

Followers actively participate, engage in decision-making, and contribute to the team's success through their actions and initiatives.

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The Sheep (Follower Type)

Passive Followers are uncritical, lacking commitment, and require constant external motivation and supervision.

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Passive Followers

Followers who lack initiative and responsibility, motivated primarily by their leader.

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Yes-People

Followers who conform to the leader's decisions and actions, defending them even when opposed.

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Pragmatic Followers

Followers who prioritize their own safety and adapt their behavior based on the situation.

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Alienated Followers

Followers who are critical, independent, but passive in their work, often expressing negativity and resentment.

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Exemplary Followers

Followers who are positive, active, and independent thinkers, challenging the leader when necessary and offering solutions.

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Followership Styles

The degree to which followers contribute to the team's success, ranging from passive to actively engaged.

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Exemplary Followership Impact

The positive correlation between exemplary followership and higher job satisfaction and performance.

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Followership in Organizations

The application of followership styles to understand and improve team dynamics in organizations.

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Cultural Differences in Followership

The potential for followership styles to be culturally specific and not universally applicable.

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Reductionism in Followership Theory

The simplification of complex followership behaviors into distinct categories, potentially overlooking nuance.

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Exemplary Followers & Leadership

The idea that exemplary followers can excel even without strong leadership, contributing significantly to the organization.

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Safe Environment for Expression

Creating an open environment where employees can express their thoughts and feelings about change without fear.

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Study Notes

Leadership & Management

  • Leadership is guiding a group towards goals, a form of social influence where individuals gain support to achieve tasks.
  • Management focuses on daily planning, organizing, controlling, and coordinating a team, implementing a leader's ideas. A manager doesn't need leadership qualities.

Traditional & Modern Leadership Theories

  • Leadership theories analyze characteristics/behaviors of effective leaders.
  • Universalist theories focus on common characteristics of all effective leaders.

Great Person Theory

  • Leaders are born, not made; born with inherent abilities for leadership.
  • Leaders possess certain traits enabling managerial success.
  • Evaluation: Valid based on anecdotal evidence of leaders emerging without training. Weakness: Doesn't explain why some with these traits don't become leaders; ignores nurture.

Charismatic Leadership Theory

  • Charismatic leaders possess specific traits.
  • Key traits include charisma (influence), popularity (relationships), environmental awareness, communication skills, respect, and high standards for self and others.
  • Evaluation: Valid due to the quantitative study correlations between charismatic leadership and productivity.

Transformational Leadership Theory

  • Transformational leaders aim to change followers' thinking, reasoning, and behavior, motivating positive change.
  • Leaders address individual needs, encourage self-awareness, and tie followers' identity to the group.
  • Role models, encouraging followers to take ownership.
  • Evaluation: Valid, with research showing effectiveness in increasing motivation and performance. Weakness: Could sometimes negatively impact followers with stress, burn-out, and conflict.

Behavioral Theories

  • Ohio State University (1948) research identified leadership behaviors with the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ).

  • Two key categories:

    • Initiating (structural) behaviors: Task-oriented, focuses on clarity, feedback, performance standards, and coordination. High levels can lead to lack of worker autonomy.
    • Consideration (nurturing) behaviors: People-oriented, emphasizes friendliness, respect, empathy, and trust-building. High levels increase support and understanding.

  • Behaviors are independent, and leaders can be high or low on both.

  • Michigan University research identified two key behaviors:

    • Employee-oriented behaviors: Focus on workers' wellbeing and understanding feelings/needs.
    • Production-oriented behaviors: Focus on technical & task-related aspects.

  • Also independent behaviors.

Heifetz's Principles for Meeting Adaptive Challenges

  • Addressing organizational challenges with changing markets, costs, technology, or environmental factors requires adaptive leadership to initiate, implement change and adapt values, practices, and procedures.
  • These challenges can be difficult as leaders are expected to do all the work and are responsible for the emotional responses from workers.
  • Six key principles of adaptive leadership:
    • "Get on the balcony": The ability for leaders to have a wider view and understanding of the organization.
    • Identify the adaptive challenge: Recognize what needs to change and its extent.
    • Regulate distress: Manage the inevitable stress and pressure involved in change, creating a safe environment and offering direction.
    • Maintain disciplined attention: Remain open-minded and address conflicts effectively.
    • Give the work back to the employee: Empower employees to take responsibility for solutions.
    • Protect voices of leadership from below: Listen to workers, especially those identifying problems or conflicts.

Leadership Style

  • Muczyk & Reimann (1987): 4 leadership styles, considering direction and participation:

    • Directive/Autocratic (high direction, low participation)- works best with quick decisions and inexperienced workers, or poor management.
    • Directive/Democratic (high direction, high participation)- works best with complex decisions.
    • Permissive/Autocratic (low direction, low participation)- works best for highly skilled workers with few tasks.
    • Permissive/Democratic (low direction, high participation)- works best for highly skilled workers able to lead with minimal supervision.

  • Scouller (2011): 3 levels of leadership:

    • Public leadership: influencing groups through motivation, progress, and unity.
    • Private leadership: influencing individuals by attending to progress and individual effectiveness.
    • Personal leadership: encompassing all dimensions, focusing on technical expertise, attitude, and self-mastery to improve effectiveness.

Leadership Style & Gender

  • Cuadrado et al. (2008): Investigated gender biases in leadership evaluations.
  • Found that female leaders can be judged less favorably when adopting masculine styles and with male evaluators.
  • Masculine leadership styles are more valued in modern organizations, while stereotypically feminine styles receive more positive evaluations.

Leaders & Followers

  • Kouzes & Posner's Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI): Measures five practices of effective leadership using self-ratings and observer ratings.
    • 5 practices: Model the way, Inspire a shared vision, Challenge the process, Enable others to act, Encourage the heart.
  • Kelley (1988): Followership is crucial for successful groups; five followership styles, with traits such as self-management, commitment, competence and courage.
    • 5 styles: Sheep (passive, uncritical), Yes-people (conformist), Pragmatics (survivors), Alienated (critical, passive), Exemplary (positive, active, independent thinkers).

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Explore the fundamental concepts of leadership and management, delving into various traditional and modern leadership theories. This quiz covers essential characteristics of effective leaders and contrasts the roles of leaders and managers, including the Great Person and Charismatic Leadership theories.

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