Leaders versus Managers Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary focus of leaders compared to managers?

  • Solving organizational problems
  • Commanding and controlling
  • Managing resources effectively
  • Influencing by inspiring and enabling (correct)

    • How do leaders typically perceive their role in terms of personnel control?

  • They control others first before controlling themselves
  • They achieve self-control before trying to control others (correct)
  • They rely heavily on organizational structures
  • They prefer not to influence people at all

    • Which characteristic is commonly associated with managers?

  • Visionary and passionate
  • Imaginative and non-conforming
  • Rational and control-oriented (correct)
  • Risk-takers and adaptable

    • How do leaders typically approach goal setting?

    <p>They have a personal orientation toward goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable attitude of managers towards goals?

    <p>They are reactive and focus on current information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work do leaders prefer to engage in?

    <p>High-risk positions with new approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of managers in the context described?

    <p>To perpetuate and strengthen existing institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinction between leaders and managers in terms of their attitude towards problem-solving?

    <p>Leaders promote ideas rather than react to situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the directing function primarily relate to?

    <p>Communicating and inspiring workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is commonly seen in leaders regarding their work style?

    <p>They open issues to new options and approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is directing viewed in relation to other management functions like planning and organizing?

    <p>It is considered the heart of the management process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the continuity of the directing function?

    <p>Directing is a continuous activity throughout the life of an organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor makes the directing function unique compared to other production factors?

    <p>It deals specifically with human relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a centralized organization, how does directing typically flow?

    <p>From top management to lower-level subordinates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the directing function that differentiates it from planning and organizing?

    <p>It involves guiding and motivating individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the directing function in management?

    <p>To convert plans into performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key component of the directing function?

    <p>Setting financial targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the directing function involve regarding authority?

    <p>Assigning authority to others to achieve objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the directing function, how do instructions typically flow within an organization?

    <p>From top to bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dual objective does the directing function serve?

    <p>Getting tasks done and demonstrating managerial leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the psychological factor important in the directing function?

    <p>It helps address employee feelings and emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do content theories of motivation primarily focus on?

    <p>Understanding individual needs and goals as motivators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what motivates individuals?

    <p>Any unmet lower-level needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a need when it is satisfied according to Maslow's theory?

    <p>It is no longer a source of motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which communication vehicle can enhance open communication within an organization?

    <p>Suggestion boxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of effective communication in management?

    <p>Supporting planning processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hours do managers typically spend on communication daily?

    <p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is essential for a psychologically healthy workplace?

    <p>Regular assessment of employee needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Expectancy in the Expectancy Theory refer to?

    <p>The belief that effort leads to attainment of performance goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of communication is used when oral communication is not feasible?

    <p>Written communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method might be used to communicate the importance of a psychologically healthy workplace?

    <p>Public addresses and staff meetings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of Expectancy Theory relates effort to performance?

    <p>Expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Goal Theory proposed by Edwin Locke?

    <p>Setting specific and challenging goals to improve performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is leading by example important for managers?

    <p>It encourages participation in healthy workplace activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outcomes managers should communicate regarding workplace practices?

    <p>Outcomes and success of practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is goal specificity important in motivation?

    <p>It helps improve performance over general goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between goal difficulty and performance according to Goal Theory?

    <p>Higher difficulty goals correlate with improved performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Equity Theory suggest about individuals' perception of rewards?

    <p>Equitable rewards lead to satisfaction compared to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is necessary for effective goal setting?

    <p>Possession of the necessary abilities and resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of performance feedback in Goal Theory?

    <p>It helps individuals identify areas for improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for people fearing change within organizations?

    <p>Concern about a personal loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method to manage resistance to change?

    <p>Complete disregard for opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might employees be more accepting of changes during the induction of new leaders?

    <p>They perceive the new leader as more capable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does coercion in change management imply?

    <p>Imposing direct threats to enforce change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does participation play in managing resistance to change?

    <p>It allows employees to feel involved in decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situational factor could trigger a demand for changes in an organization?

    <p>A major crisis occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of providing training and support in change management?

    <p>To minimize fear and build competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods involves withholding information to manage resistance to change?

    <p>Manipulation of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Leaders versus Managers

    • Leaders focus on why things matter, while managers focus on how.
    • Leaders inspire and enable, managers command and control.
    • Leaders are often brilliant, imaginative, passionate, and risk-takers.
    • Managers are problem-solvers, persistent, and hard-working.
    • Leaders are proactive and vision-oriented.
    • Managers are reactive and goal-oriented.
    • Leaders develop new approaches to problems.
    • Managers combine people and ideas to establish strategies.

    Personality Styles

    • Leaders are perceived as brilliant but sometimes lonely.
    • Leaders visualize a purpose and generate value.
    • Leaders are imaginative, passionate, and non-conforming.
    • Leaders are risk-takers.
    • Managers are problem-solvers and are rational and controlling.
    • Managers are goal oriented, persistent, and hard-working.

    Attitudes Toward Goals

    • Leaders are proactive, envisioning and promoting ideas.
    • Leaders shape ideas and goals.
    • Leaders provide a vision that alters how people think.
    • Managers are reactive and adapt to situations rather than pursuing a vision.
    • Managers are deeply tied to organizational culture.

    Conceptions of Work

    • Leaders excite people with their vision.
    • Leaders raise expectations and redirect people toward ideals.
    • Leaders are comfortable with high-risk positions.
    • Managers view work as an enabling process, balancing opposing views.
    • Managers prioritize collaboration and compromise, and risk aversion.

    Relations with Others

    • Leaders are perceptive, intuitive, and empathetic.
    • Leaders relate to people based on the impact of events rather than the role of participants.
    • Leaders can manage intense and disorganised relationships.
    • Managers value collaborative environments and avoid solitary activity.
    • Managers are less emotionally involved in relationships.

    Nature of Directing

    • Directing involves instructing, guiding, communicating, inspiring, motivating, and overseeing worker performance to achieve goals.
    • Directing is a pervasive, executive function at all organizational levels, flowing from top management to subordinates.
    • Directing involves a human factor emphasizing communication and motivation to influence behavior.
    • Directing is a continuous activity throughout an organization's life cycle.
    • It's a creative activity since directing involves converting plans into actions and motivating better performance.
    • Directing includes delegating responsibilities to subordinates.

    Theories of Motivation

    • Motivation theories are categorized into content and process theories.
    • Content theories explore individual needs and goals, such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Alderfer's ERG Theory.
    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs outlines a hierarchy of needs, starting with physiological needs and culminating in self-actualization.
    • Alderfer's ERG Theory categorizes needs into existence, relatedness, and growth.
    • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory classifies factors into hygiene factors (extrinsic) and motivators (intrinsic).
    • McClelland's Achievement Need Theory identifies three needs: achievement, affiliation, and power—each influencing individual behavior.

    Theories of Motivation: Incentive Theory

    • An incentive theory suggests that employees work harder for desired rewards, often monetary.
    • This theory is based on reinforcement principles and relies on the economic man principle. 

    Expectancy Theory

    • Humans act based on conscious expectations of outcomes.
    • Expectancy theory includes the factors of expectancy (effort to performance), instrumentality (performance to reward), and valence (value of the reward).

    Goal-Setting Theory

    • Specific and challenging goals lead to higher performance.
    • Setting goals demands a balance of ability, resources, and commitment.

    Equity Theory

    • Individuals seek fairness in rewards and recognition relative to their efforts and contributions.

    Leadership Styles

    • Authoritarian: Leaders dictate tasks and procedures, taking final decision-making authority.
    • Participative: Leaders involve employees in decision-making but retain final authority.
    • Delegative: Leaders allow employees greater decision-making autonomy.

    Managing Resistance to Change

    • Managing resistance to change involves educating, participating, facilitating, providing support, and, when necessary, using coercion.
    • Change resistance is often associated with uncertainty, loss, personal preferences, or prior attitudes.
    • Identifying situational factors and making changes in organizational cultures is vital to address resistance efforts.

    Managing Workplace Diversity

    • Workforce diversity, including age, gender, race, and disability, is inevitable.
    • Effective management of diverse workforces is essential to avoid potential conflicts and negative outcomes.
    • Effective strategies for encouraging diversity include training, support groups, and clear expectations.
    • Filipino and foreign cultural aspects influence organizational leadership approaches.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the distinct characteristics and roles of leaders and managers. Discover how their focus, personality styles, and attitudes towards goals differ, emphasizing the unique contributions each makes to an organization. A key understanding of leadership and management dynamics is essential for any aspiring professional.

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