Law Enforcement Procedures and Use of Force

Major Incident Notifications

• Major incidents include any death other than natural causes, such as drowning or accidents
• Also include search and rescue operations
• Hostage or barricaded subject situations are major incidents
• Attempted or actual prisoner escapes are major incidents
• Natural or man-made disasters are major incidents
• Major civil disturbances like riots are major incidents
• Death or serious injury to a member or their immediate family, if known, is a major consideration
• Discharge of Sheriff's Office firearms against any person is a major incident
• Traffic crashes or other events involving agency members or their immediate family resulting in serious injury are major incidents
• Other significant events, such as violent crimes with multiple victims are major incidents

Reasonable Suspicion Testing (Substance Abuse)

• A supervisor must notify the Department Director through the chain of command for reasonable suspicion testing
• Reasonable suspicion testing requires a supervisor's recommendation at least one level higher than the member's immediate supervisor
• The member is placed on administrative leave pending test results
• The Director will arrange the time and location for the test
• Supervisory personnel will accompany the subject member to testing until testing is completed
• The member is not allowed to operate an agency vehicle or perform any duties
• Reasonable suspicion testing must be completed within 24 hours of observed behavior

Mandatory Drug Testing (Substance Abuse)

• Accidents that involve department vehicles while on or off duty resulting in personal injury require mandatory drug testing
• Any duty-related use of deadly force that results in injury or death requires mandatory drug testing
• Members may not use alcohol for eight hours or until the test has been administered

Sexual Harassment

• Supervisors are responsible for preventing harassment
• Members who witness or are victims of harassment need not fear reprisal for reporting
• Members may report to their supervisor or next highest supervisor if their immediate supervisor is the one in question

Informal Action (Disciplinary Action)

• Informal action is intended to be educational in nature
• Informal action involves verbal counseling, which may be conducted by any supervisor
• A Memorandum of Record should be prepared to document the counseling

Memorandum of Record (Disciplinary Action)

• The report should include the performance or behavior that led to action, recommendations, and outcomes
• Maintained by the supervisor for 12 months
• Only used as a reference if the problem continues

Formal Action (Disciplinary Action)

• Formal action is intended to be punitive in nature
• It includes a written reprimand, suspension, dismissal, disciplinary probationary period, reduction in rate of pay, and demotion.

Sergeant Recommendation (Disciplinary Action)

• Sergeants may only recommend verbal counseling or a written reprimand
• Written reprimands shall be placed in a member's personnel file

Emergency Administrative Leave (Disciplinary Action)

• Supervisors must forward a memorandum to the Sheriff via the chain of command documenting the leave
• Supervisors must secure the member's badges, identification, building access cards, firearms, computer, and agency vehicle
• The leave may be used if member is physically or emotionally unable to perform duties
• It may also be used if a member has been insubordinate and poses immediate problems
• Or if the member has been involved in a criminal or immoral act
• And if a member reports for duty under the influence or consumes while on duty
• Or if a member violates a general order and the supervisor believes immediate suspension is required
• It is also for when preservation of order and discipline is necessary
• Also when a member's actions and behavior constitute unbecoming conduct
• Or when a member's actions or failure to act places co-workers and/or the public in danger

Grievance Procedures

• First, the issue is discussed with the immediate supervisor or other member's supervisor within 5 days of the incident
• Then, the supervisor attempts resolution and provides an answer within 5 working days
• Finally, if not satisfied, a member may submit a written memorandum to the same supervisor within 3 days of an unsatisfactory response
• The memorandum should contain facts surrounding the grievance and alleged violation

Incident Command System and Command Sequence

• First supervisor on the scene of a critical incident assumes command announcing location of command center
• All communications must be in plain speech
• Priorities include life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation
• Perform size-up evaluating the situation
• Consider contingency plans
• Determine achievable objectives
• List personnel and agencies required to achieve objectives
• Establish command structure

Transfer of Command (Incident Command Systems)

• The transfer of command involves stating the current situation
• Transfer also involves listing resources committed and present organizational structure
• Aswell as an assessment of the current effects of tactical operations

K9 Deployments

• A sergeant is authorized to call out a K9 if one is not on duty
• K9 falls into the category of intermediate weapon in RTR policy
• To track for misdemeanors, K9s must be under physical control of handler unless the subject has resistance exceeding active aggression
• Two warnings should be given before releasing K9 into a building or residence
• May be used on subjects with felony warrants to prevent escape if probable cause exists for a felony crime
• For missing person tracking, a bloodhound is preferred and must be accompanied by a patrol K9 team for wanted person tracking

K9 Priority Calls

• Crimes in progress qualify for K9
• Also if a suspect or prisoner has fled on foot
• Deployments can be performed at building searches
• For open doors and windows
• And missing or lost persons
• Area searches for evidence or contraband
• Drug detection
• And crowd control
• Also assisting other agencies (approved by shift commander)

Prohibited K9 Activities

• K9s may not be used provokes other dogs
• To intimidate, coerce, or frighten any person(s)
• To effect arrest of highly intoxicated person or person unable to resist or escape
• To effect arrest of a known pregnant female
• Using more than one dog to apprehend a single suspect

K9 Post Bite Procedures

• The subject must be transported for medical treatment
• The sergeant is responsible for conducting written investigation regarding the bite incident
• The investigation should include written statements and photographs (before and after medical treatment)
• Canine handlers should not use more than is accrued in a rolling 12-month period for annual leave
• More than 2 weeks requires approval by the Sheriff or his designee

MAP (Member Assistance Program) Supervisor Referral

• The MAP may be used for decreasing job performance or behavioral problems potentially from behavioral or medical causes
• It may be also be used if a member has been involved in a shooting incident or a highly emotional or traumatic incident
• Supervisors must meet with director and explain circumstances before referral
• Supervisors may encourage or instruct members to make an appointment
• Also, supervisors may make an appointment and must confirm/advise members of day and time

Medical Examiner Investigation (Death Investigations)

• In an emergency, the supervisor will transport or arrange transport for appointment
• If a member refuses to make or keep an appointment, the director should be notified immediately

Unattended Natural Deaths (Death Investigations)

• Deaths need ME investigation if caused by criminal violence, accident, or suicide
• And sudden deaths when in apparent good health
• Or unattended deaths by physician or authorized practitioner
• Deaths occurring in police custody, prison or a penal institution need investigation
• So do deaths with suspicious or unusual circumstances or poison or criminal abortion involved
• As well as diseases that are a theat to public health
• Injury or toxic agents resulting from employment also need investigation
• The ME needs contacting for number to hold body if no notification can be made

Attended Natural Deaths (Death Investigations)

• Deaths considered attended if they occur in a hospital or treatment facility, or occur under natural circumstances in the prior 12 months for a disease or illness likely to cause death. There must be no signs of foul play
• If the attending physician will sign the death certificate, the body can be released to the funeral home
• If unable to contact the last attending physician or physician refuses to sign death certificate, the supervisor should contact the ME and should be advised of the circumstances

Unattended Natural Deaths Procedure

• You must administer aid to the victim if alive on arrival
• The scene must be treated as a crime scene
• Deputies must be sent with the victim to obtain a statement and retrieve evidence such as clothing and property
• If immediate family isn't present, valuables will be removed from the body witnessed by 2 deputies and turned into evidence for safekeeping
• However if one is present items should be documented on a property receipt and the family member shall sign for it.

Found or Abandoned Property

• If able to do so, identify the owner of the property and return said property
• Provide the finder with a copy of the property receipt and advised if the owner is not found, the finder may contact evidence to claim items. Motor vehicles, vessels, and firearms this provision doesnt apply
• Items with serial numbers will be ran through FCIC/NCIC to determine if lost or stolen. If not listed in the report, property should note "found"

Autism Interview Procedures (Criminal Investigation Procedures)

• Upon request from an individual diagnosed with autism or his/her parent, LEO must make a good faith effort to ensure a psychiatrist, psychologist, mental health counselor, special education instructor, clinical worker or professional is present at all interviews of the individual
• A requesta professional can be contacted for an interview

Use of Deadly Force - Firearm (Response to Resistance)

• If a request for an interview is requested the individual to be interviewed must acknowledge expenses shall be the requesting individual's responsibility
• Ask if the requesting individual has a particular professional they would like contacted
• If the requesting individual does not have a preference, contact the Center for Autism and Related Disabilities hotline
• Document all attempts to obtain a professional for interview
• If all fails and makes a good faith effort, the interview may begin without a professional present
• Determination to delay interview must be made on a case-by-case basis

Eyewitness Identification Procedures

• The procedure recommended is double blind sequential when available
• Methods of lineups include a photo array presented by an independent administrator or the folder system if an independent administrator is not available
• Has 1 suspect photo (not first), 5 filler photos, and 2 blank pages at the end
• Show-ups should be used as a last resort. Attempts should be made to make the suspect look as free as possible. Witness should provide a description of the suspect before the show-up

Deadly Force - Firearm Protocols

• The involved member will be placed on administrative leave
• That memebrs firearm will be secured by the investigating agency
• The member will submit an offense report
• That memeber will submit to a urinalysis and breathalyzer if an odor of alcohol is detected.

Levels of Resistance (RTR)

• Consists of physiological resistance, verbal resistance, passive resistance, defensive resistance, active aggression, and aggravated active aggression

Responses to Resistance (RTR)

• Member's presence, verbal direction, empty hand control, and TASER / Aerosol Defense Spray
• Consider things such as subject size, attitude, and the crime reported

Using Member Presence and Verbal Direction

• Arrival on the scene and identification is the subject’s awareness that you are a law enforcement officer is Member Presence
• Member presence can be used at all levels of resistance
• Used Telling or commanding a subject to engage in or refrain from action or non-action is Verbal Direction
• This can also be used at all levels

Empty Hand Control and TASER usage

• Soft Empty Hand techniques include pressure points, handcuffing, transporters, and joint locks. Used at all levels and are documented in an offense report
• Hard Empty Hand techniques include punches, kicks, hand strikes, and stunning techniques. Used at Defensive Resistance and document on RTR
• The TASER is to be used at Defensive Resistance or after a verbal dialogue has failed and the only other alternative is to physically approach and attempt to take a violent/potentially violent subject into custody. Document on RTR.

Aerosol Defense Spray and Intermediate Weapons

• Aerosol Defense Spray is another choice when employing Defensive Resistance or after verbal dialogue has failed
• Deputies must give warnings and shall not be used closer than 2 feet
• Is may also be used to physically approach and attempt to take a violent or potentially violent subject into custody.
• Target areas for Intermediate Weapons are major muscle mass: forearms, thighs, or calves. Joints and bones such as elbows, wrists, and knees are to be avoided Includes less lethal impact munitions
• Supervisors will have subjects transported to the nearest medical facility prior to booking. Document on an RTR

Deadly Force

• When the life of a citizen or member is in jeopardy or to effect an arrest of a person when all other reasonable means of apprehension have been exhausted
• Consider if there is substantial risk that if the apprehension of the person is delayed, the danger outweighs the risks involved in the use of force
• Includes Ability (does the subject have the means to carry out his or her actions), Opportunity (opportunity to carry out the actions, and Jeopardy (actions are placing your life or someone else's life in jeopardy)

1. Would a lower response level to resistance stop this deadly threat?
2. Have I identified the subject that is posing this deadly threat?
3. Is the subject isolated so that my use of deadly force will not pose a threat to any other person

• Reasonable Perception is the benchmark for evaluation. This is documented on RTR

Foricible Felony

• This includes Treason, murder, manslaughter, sexual battery, carjacking, home invasion robbery, robbery, burglary, arson, kidnapping, aggravated assault, aggravated battery, aggravated stalking, aircraft piracy, unlawful throwing placing or discharging of destructive device or bomb, any other felony which involves the use or threat of physical force or violence against any individual An attempt to prevent or stop the use of excessive force by another officer when it is objectively reasonable.

Duty to Intervene

• To intervene Appears to officer that such animal is imminently near death or cannot be cured
• The officer has made a reasonable and concerted, but unsuccessful, effort to locate owner, the owner's agency, or veterinarian
• Can notify a supervisor and provide all information
• Ensure discharge of weapon will not endanger the public, every effort is made to accomplish destruction outside of the view of the public and documented

Tennessee v. Garner

• Two Memphis police officers responded to a prowler call where an officer went behind a neighbor’s house, heard a door slam and saw someone run across the backyard
• The officer yelled “Police! Halt!” and could see by his flashlight that 15-year-old Edward Garner was unarmed
• Garner began to climb over a backyard fence, decided Garner would escape and officer shot and killed Garner
• A purse and ten dollars were found on his body. The officer had relied on Memphis policy and Tennessee state law that permitted an officer to use deadly force against fleeing felon
• Eleven years and appeals later, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the "fleeing felon" rule, and to believe a fleeing felon poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury

Less Lethal Impact Munitions

• Active aggression or aggravated aggression.
• Targeted areas include buttocks, thighs and calves
• Back, abdominal area, and chest may be targeted if other areas are unavailable
• Head, neck, spinal column, and groin considered deadly force
• All subjects impacted shall be transported for medical evaluation and photographs must be taken as available

Pursuit Justification

• Belief the person fleeing committed or about to commit a forcible felony
• Pursuit places others in danger of serious bodily harm or death and outweighs the immediate apprehension
• Pursuit must not be conducted in a manner that recklessly puts others in danger

Pursuit Termination Factors

• Danger outweighs the need for immediate apprehension
• The suspect has been identified to the point of later apprehension
• Poor traffic, roadway, or environmental condtions.
• Vehicle's location is no longer known.
• Where juvenile is operating and the factors exceed what a juvenile can cope with
• If pursuit terminated all emergency equipment shall be turned off and all vehicles will change their course of direction

Pursuit Consideration Factors

• Must be evaluated by supervisor

• Seriousness of the offense and relation to community safety

• Safety of the public in the area of the pursuit and of pursuing officer(s)

• Speed, weather and road conditions

Stop Sticks and PIT

• Must be approved by a supervisor
• Superviosr may authorize these methods when deputy has knowledge of well-founded suspicion of a felony and suspects intends to flee upon law enforcement detection
• PIT deployed unless deadly force is authorized
• It is not used on motorcycles/SUVs; is used up to 50MPH; requires contact of supervisor;

Supervisor Pursuit Responsibility

• Authorization required
• Required # of units in pursuit
• Notify other agencies/ask for aerial support
• In absence of information, supervisors may terminate pursuit

Roadblocks

• Must be authorized by a supervisor
• Associated with seriousness of incident
• Be visible and provide enough time for vehicles to stop
• An appropriate # of officers should be on scene

Pursuits Entering/Leaving County

• Need permission from jurisdiction

Pursuit Reports

• Names of pursuing officers and supervisors involved
• Reason for pursuit (place of origin/route of travel/length)
• Point of termination, suspect's name
• Injuries
• Additional notes

Baker Act Rights

• Shall not be handled with procedures or devices used with criminals unless needed

Baker Act Involuntary Examination

• if individual cannot determine examination is necessary/are likely to suffer from neglect if services are not provided
• Likelihood of causing harm to themselves or others
• Person must be transported with least amount of restraint. BA-52 form must be filled out (include e-database info)

Missing Person Deputy Procedure

• Conduct a follow-up interview and check-in with the complainant
• Do a deep dive and reconnaissance of the area
• Identify if any custody is in place
• Identify circumstances of what the last time the missing person was seeing with witnesses
• Identify missing persons zone of safety

Missing Person Sergeant Responsibility

• Obtain briefing from the first unit on scene, consider needed units
• Advise and inform the major crimes and director
• Establish the chain of command and make sure everything is coordinated

Notification to Major or CID must occur if:

• First time person has gone missing
• Age 12 or lower, not chronic runaway
• Concerns of foul play, no matter their age
• Sexual offender/predators

Unidentified Children Procedures

• Get details of NCIC forms
• Enter descriptions into the NCIC
• Use the missing children clearinghouse to report

Unusual Circumstances

• Can lead to higher-risk situations for someone who is 13 or younger, or whose disappearance involves the reasonable person concluding person is at-risk
• Out of safety zone
• Not good communication
• Insulin or drug dependent
• Potential victim
• No contact with family

AMBER/Silver Alert Criteria

• Person under 18 has been abducted and there is a belief that the person is in danger
• Person is 60 years or older and irreversible deterioration of intelligence, which would prompt immediate investigation
• Description of the suspect
• An activation must be recommended by local agencies

Child Entry

• Abuse, Runaway, others include "Disability Endangered Castrophe"

Traffic Enforcement

• Emphasis on quality and not quantity
• Call the phone only IF the violator is under 18

Foreign Diplomats

• Diplomats will not be detained unless they have committed a crime where safety is in imminent danger.
• Ministers have immunity from arrest/detention

UAV Use

• Suspicion Swift action is needed to prevent danger/property damage or to achieve purposes
• Obtain A search warrant
• To counter terrorists

GPS Exclusion Zone Violation

• Dispatch two deputies, one to the location of the violation and one to the location of the victim (code response)
• Arrest will be made if violator is in exclusion zone
• Document on incident report and forward to the domestic violence detective

GPS Tamper Violation

• Dispatch deputies to the location of the defendant Contact the victim and ask them to take precaution/establish a routine patrol

GPS Tamper Violation

• Dispatch to the location of defendant Contact the victim Locate suspect

Problems (Stratified)

• "Isolated" (resolved in a day or less) and "Individual" are two categories the book mentions
• Citizen or Officer-Generated Thefts/Disturbances/Traffic Accidents etc occur in one shift

Scanning - Analysis, Response, Assessment (SARA)

• Individual events that arise from calls for service but are deemed more by laws and a more immediate response is needed:
• Examples are Homicide, ROB, or fatalities.
• Those that occur over days or weeks and require a short term response

Long Term Problems

• "Hot Spot" individual address, or types places
• "Hot Area" is small as it may be
• "Hot Offenders" are known for commiting offenses more often

Series (Patterns)

• Group of similar crimes

Micro-Time Hot Spree (Patterns)

• Similar crimes that occur within in a small window

Spree Patterns

• Activity that's almost consistent

Hot Place Pattern

• Location with repeat offender

Hot Prey Pattern

• Victims sharing the same characteristics

Patrol Sgt Stratified Resposibilities

Be aware of all the problems in certain districts Ensure everyone knows of problems Address Repeat Incident location

Patrol Deputy Stratified Resposibilites

Accountable and aware of everyting Utilize and make sure Agency share point is docuementing cases Have patrol staff work on field reports/traffic stops and potential victims

Sting or Bait Operations/ Koper Curve

• People are stopped in certain areas

• Crime 30 minutes after patrol is approx 4%=intermitten and random

Senate Bill 7026 Risk Protection

• Deputy with CIB will complete the order

Risk protection Order (RPO)

If there is a fear

CIB Referral

• Send referral to the supervisor with all the forms to check for RPO

3rd Degree Felony

• Making a false statement under oath during RPO proceedings is a felony of the third degree

Firearm/Ammo Restrictions

• Voluntarily Third-Party Transfer- Request a 3rd party form

Transient Occupancy Facts to Establish

• No owner ship intrest no property bills no mail

Obligations of tenant and landlord:

Landlords have 7 listed obligations from tenant, as well as another 4 listed obligations from landlord (8 total from tenant)

Disregard to Tenant

Forbidding any utlity to be disconected from a residence by landlord

Dissolved Marriage for Child Custody

Moter and Father is dissolved

Court has Not Acted for Child Custody

Courts cannot act as a Natrual Gaurdian

Acting As a Parent

One with physical custody

Enforcing Custody

Officers have to make sure they are not dealing with a 3rd party who isn't the parent when helping.

Custody Issue/Visitation Concerns

• LeO can try and help if a parent is just late to return the child from time spent with them as a parent
• Unless safety of the child is in question LeO should step out for safety and the court order

Arest With in the Dwelling

• Felony or Missdemeanor
• With a warrant If a subject leaves threashold, arresst is valid. If a person retreat their home, officers can arrest based upon the safety of others

Can't Enter a Home Without What?

A reasnoable beleif that is not their residence is not a valid reason to make entry to property

H.O.T for Search Warrant

• H.O.T is "Hot Persuit"

2 types of phone pings

• Lost and Criminal are 2 types of phone pings
• Any of this has to get approval feom an officer, but is not high ranking

Criminal Phone Pings

• Approved by Captain/Major
• Fufill critical operation needs

Family Memeber (Domest Violence)

• Spouse, or related by blood, past of present relation

Long forms are requested when...

Injuries, hit and runs, etc....

Mismeanor EXceptions

• Cruilty to animals Assult one specified individual as outlined in the act or other Battery upon another person under the chapter

"The book" EXception

Disorderly conduct on licenced property. Concelead carry

"The book" Drug amount for misdmeanor Exception

• 20 grams

748 for stalkiing

• Misd 748.048 is on the table

Part 1 EXCEPTION

An offense Chapter 316 involving crash for driving for liscence 322

• Can a cop do traffic if it's discovereds in the way by way of an excpetion? Yes

"The book says...."Trespass"

An alleged act in trespassed, with sighns posted in concious area of the airport and the signs in the contsitution

7 types requiring reportes are

• Med call for youths and cid is called
• Open doors
• all towed vehicles
• animal bites

mere Supisions

a hunch situation a normal person think a crime will soon be COMMITED

Battery Enhancements (6)

• By stranger. -Over 65.
• With weapon
• Cause harm

Request for Mutal Aid?

• All goes on the top. The CeO-Sheriffs Designee

Citizens COmplainte Forwarded Too?

• If not handled properly
• MINOR are accopined by family

Complaint Procedure

• typed memo chain of command

Restrictions for ride a longs

• cannot be told case is beiong solved
• cannot help

Crime Assigned Cid (5)

• Murder, rape, Rob, Burg

CID Procedures follow-up, do what first?

• patril first
• and LT. needs called

Offense Incident

• The first on scene handles the report

Arrest NO warrant? (5)

• If misdemeaned Deputy has probable cause to beleive felony commited
• the person is identified

Domesticate?

• Deputizes are not foriegn police

No 4th AMD

• Consented

Proteciotve Sweep

• Sweeps may be pefomd only in areas where a person could be concealed

Requirements

Incident to arrest Based on provable causePlain view Terry Frisk

Search Warrent Is required to search A vehicle When?

Vehicle in private roads can be searched without warrent

In which situation do you NOT read Maranda rights ?

• Routine traffic stops
• Field interviews
• Stop and Frisk
• What h appendd to this

BODY WORN CAMERAS

• Can place IN mute or mute if not in the public
• The whole thing need sto be saved and if its sexual assault then they must be on.
• All videos may not be shared, for sheriffs eyes onlyy

Supervisor Resposivlies

• must do review BWC Check for training, document Exem and leadership

Death Report

• 1st next to kin notified
• Victim family is notified Supervisor/victims advocate with is on call for help

Preliminare Investigation

• 1st priory
• do not discount it

If the Victim is 18 years of age?

Take a look at the case at harnds not just facts from the complaint

Juvenile EXception (SEXUAL)

• The deputy shall first inquire to the childs safetyness, that th the 16 year old and the posisino of the suspect

###Domestic Violence

• Supervisors must come to the scene 1 and 3 always need the supervisor LeO or LEOS come out and respond as directed And assist with medical first, with protection, and photo shop (document)

Factors too consider? Before ROP

• Does this person have fire arms, or not???

Prohibted is a deputy to do?

• Encourage victim to use online reporting system to aboid making a writtten report.

priorite too citizens online repoorting

LeO Should ensure?

• is all facts and data
• There there facts

What is an acceptable online report of citizen

Pettit theft

Petit theft Vandalism of property Scam or Fraud Lost property or tag Credit card fraud/theft Trespass with nothing taken

You want the case and the deputy failed to do what he needed on scnee?

Contact and work with to assist with investigation

Patrol Responsibility to finish?

Deupty failed the investion

Handeling Prep or Killing of animals

• Not is the crime

For all HANDISCAPS?

• LEO, must present documents
• Faliutre too compley leads to resisting

Miranda time?

• The suspect must be told and be able to not be transportred with out concen.
• MAranda must be issue before quetioing
• 1, law and free
• 2 is acctosialton tone (police in that are)

During which occasion Is Maranda not required

Traffic Stops + Stop and frisks + feilds intervews

This quiz covers critical law enforcement procedures, including justifiable use of deadly force, guidelines for less-lethal munitions, vehicle pursuit protocols, and factors influencing pursuit decisions. It emphasizes suspect apprehension, public safety, and legal considerations.