65 Questions
Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?
Brain
Which lung has three lobes?
Right lung
Which term describes a subjective perception of shortness of breath?
Dyspnoea
What is the most common cause of foreign bodies and aspiration in the respiratory system?
Right main bronchus
Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?
Alveoli
What is the term for deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood?
Hypoxemia
Which of the following is a characteristic of asthma?
Chronic airway inflammation
What is the aim of tidal volume in asthma management?
6-8 ml/kg
What does a shark fin appearance on capnography indicate?
Air struggling to get out
What is the purpose of permissive hypoxia/hypercapnia in asthma management?
Prevent breath stacking
Which O2 delivery system is considered the gold standard for nebulization in asthma management?
8 liters per minute
Which of the following is a long-term effect of asthma?
Airway remodelling
Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured inhalation in patients with COPD or asthma?
Scalenes
What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?
V = RR x TV
What is the equation for functional residual capacity (FRC)?
FRC = Expiratory reserve + residual volume
What is the normal range for PaCO2?
35 to 45mmHg
What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?
Inadequate ventilation
What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?
Pulmonary compliance = volume change / pressure change
Which of the following is a characteristic of good control in the management of exacerbation of asthma?
Daytime symptoms or need for reliever < 2 days per week
What is the most common cause of acute pulmonary edema (APO)?
Chemical burns
Which of the following is a mechanism of fluid movement from capillaries into alveoli in acute pulmonary edema (APO)?
Increased capillary permeability
What is the main effect of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on the lungs?
Hypoxia
Which phase of ARDS is characterized by the multiplication of abnormal alveolar cells and inflammatory cells?
Proliferative phase
What is the most common cause of indirect ARDS?
Systemic sepsis
Which position is recommended for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?
Semi-fowlers position (30 degrees head/torso up)
What is the target SpO2 level for oxygen therapy in patients with hypoxia and HAPE?
SpO2 96+
What is the purpose of using PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) during ventilations for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?
To improve oxygenation by keeping the alveoli open
Which therapy, similar to PEEP, can be administered early for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?
CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
When should GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) administration be withheld for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?
Before identifying a hydrostatic pressure issue
When should cautious fluid therapy be implemented for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?
Only for patients in hypovolemic/septic shock
Which lung has a greater risk for foreign bodies and aspiration?
Right lung
What is the most sensitive organ to hypoxia?
Brain
Which of the following is a cause of deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood?
Hypoventilation
Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?
Alveolar sacs
What is the term for a subjective perception of shortness of breath?
Dyspnoea
What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?
Hypoventilation
Which of the following is a characteristic of non-allergic asthma?
It is often triggered by exercise
What is the main effect of histamine activation on H1 receptors in the asthma cascade?
Bronchoconstriction and inflammation
Which of the following is a long-term effect of asthma?
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells
What is the purpose of using short-acting muscarinic agents (SAMA) in asthma management?
To reduce mucus production
What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?
V = RR x VT
Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?
Respiratory bronchioles
Which position is recommended for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?
Semi-fowlers position
What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?
V = VT x f
Which therapy, similar to PEEP, can be administered early for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?
CPAP therapy
Which O2 delivery system is considered the gold standard for nebulization in asthma management?
Metered-dose inhaler
Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?
Alveoli
What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?
Hypoventilation
Which of the following is a characteristic of low inspired oxygen?
Shifts the Oxy-Hb curve to the left
Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured exhalation in patients with obstructive lung disease?
Obliques
What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?
Tidal volume - inspiratory reserve volume = expiratory reserve volume
What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?
V = RR x TV
What is the most common cause of type 1 (hypoxemic) respiratory failure?
Inadequate oxygenation
What is the normal range for PaCO2?
35 to 45mmHg
Which of the following is a characteristic of poor control in the management of exacerbation of asthma?
Partial control
What is the equation for functional residual capacity (FRC)?
FRC = TV + ERV
What is the main cause of acute pulmonary edema (APO)?
Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?
Alveoli
Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured inhalation in patients with COPD or asthma?
External intercostal muscles
What is the target SpO2 level for oxygen therapy in patients with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?
92%
What is the aim of management in reversing hypoxia and preventing HPV?
The aim is to treat the underlying cause, position the patient semi-fowlers (30 degrees head/torso up), provide O2 therapy aiming for SpO2 96+, administer ventilations with PEEP to ensure adequate ventilation, consider early CPAP therapy, and cautiously administer GTN (nitroglycerin) after exhausting the patient on CPAP.
What is the recommended position for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?
The recommended position is semi-fowlers, with the head and torso elevated at a 30-degree angle.
What is the purpose of permissive hypoxia/hypercapnia in asthma management?
The purpose is to tolerate lower levels of oxygen (hypoxia) and higher levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) in order to reduce the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury and improve patient outcomes.
What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?
$V = tidal volume \times respiratory rate$
What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?
$Compliance = \frac{{change in lung volume}}{{change in transpulmonary pressure}}$
Test your knowledge on EtCO2 monitoring and respiratory mechanics with this quiz. Learn about strategies to supplement a patient's breath, increase minute volume, and manage gas trapping and breath stacking. Aim for a tidal volume of 6-8 ml/kg and tackle challenging scenarios. Take the quiz now and enhance your understanding of respiratory care.
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