Mastering EtCO2 Monitoring and Respiratory Mechanics

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

  • Alveoli
  • Bronchioles
  • Trachea
  • Brain (correct)

Which lung has three lobes?

  • Right lung (correct)
  • Left lung
  • Both lungs
  • Neither lung

Which term describes a subjective perception of shortness of breath?

  • Respiratory distress
  • Hypoxemia
  • Dyspnoea (correct)
  • Hypoxia

What is the most common cause of foreign bodies and aspiration in the respiratory system?

<p>Right main bronchus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?

<p>Alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood?

<p>Hypoxemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of asthma?

<p>Chronic airway inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of tidal volume in asthma management?

<p>6-8 ml/kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a shark fin appearance on capnography indicate?

<p>Air struggling to get out (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of permissive hypoxia/hypercapnia in asthma management?

<p>Prevent breath stacking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which O2 delivery system is considered the gold standard for nebulization in asthma management?

<p>8 liters per minute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term effect of asthma?

<p>Airway remodelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured inhalation in patients with COPD or asthma?

<p>Scalenes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

<p>V = RR x TV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for functional residual capacity (FRC)?

<p>FRC = Expiratory reserve + residual volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for PaCO2?

<p>35 to 45mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?

<p>Inadequate ventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?

<p>Pulmonary compliance = volume change / pressure change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of good control in the management of exacerbation of asthma?

<p>Daytime symptoms or need for reliever &lt; 2 days per week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of acute pulmonary edema (APO)?

<p>Chemical burns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mechanism of fluid movement from capillaries into alveoli in acute pulmonary edema (APO)?

<p>Increased capillary permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on the lungs?

<p>Hypoxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of ARDS is characterized by the multiplication of abnormal alveolar cells and inflammatory cells?

<p>Proliferative phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of indirect ARDS?

<p>Systemic sepsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which position is recommended for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

<p>Semi-fowlers position (30 degrees head/torso up) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target SpO2 level for oxygen therapy in patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

<p>SpO2 96+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) during ventilations for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

<p>To improve oxygenation by keeping the alveoli open (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy, similar to PEEP, can be administered early for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

<p>CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) administration be withheld for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

<p>Before identifying a hydrostatic pressure issue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should cautious fluid therapy be implemented for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

<p>Only for patients in hypovolemic/septic shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung has a greater risk for foreign bodies and aspiration?

<p>Right lung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most sensitive organ to hypoxia?

<p>Brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood?

<p>Hypoventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?

<p>Alveolar sacs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a subjective perception of shortness of breath?

<p>Dyspnoea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?

<p>Hypoventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of non-allergic asthma?

<p>It is often triggered by exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of histamine activation on H1 receptors in the asthma cascade?

<p>Bronchoconstriction and inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term effect of asthma?

<p>Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using short-acting muscarinic agents (SAMA) in asthma management?

<p>To reduce mucus production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

<p>V = RR x VT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?

<p>Respiratory bronchioles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which position is recommended for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

<p>Semi-fowlers position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

<p>V = VT x f (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy, similar to PEEP, can be administered early for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

<p>CPAP therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which O2 delivery system is considered the gold standard for nebulization in asthma management?

<p>Metered-dose inhaler (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

<p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?

<p>Hypoventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of low inspired oxygen?

<p>Shifts the Oxy-Hb curve to the left (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured exhalation in patients with obstructive lung disease?

<p>Obliques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?

<p>Tidal volume - inspiratory reserve volume = expiratory reserve volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

<p>V = RR x TV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of type 1 (hypoxemic) respiratory failure?

<p>Inadequate oxygenation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for PaCO2?

<p>35 to 45mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of poor control in the management of exacerbation of asthma?

<p>Partial control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for functional residual capacity (FRC)?

<p>FRC = TV + ERV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of acute pulmonary edema (APO)?

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

<p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured inhalation in patients with COPD or asthma?

<p>External intercostal muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target SpO2 level for oxygen therapy in patients with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

<blockquote> <p>92% (B)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of management in reversing hypoxia and preventing HPV?

<p>The aim is to treat the underlying cause, position the patient semi-fowlers (30 degrees head/torso up), provide O2 therapy aiming for SpO2 96+, administer ventilations with PEEP to ensure adequate ventilation, consider early CPAP therapy, and cautiously administer GTN (nitroglycerin) after exhausting the patient on CPAP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended position for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

<p>The recommended position is semi-fowlers, with the head and torso elevated at a 30-degree angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of permissive hypoxia/hypercapnia in asthma management?

<p>The purpose is to tolerate lower levels of oxygen (hypoxia) and higher levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) in order to reduce the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury and improve patient outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

<p>$V = tidal volume \times respiratory rate$</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?

<p>$Compliance = \frac{{change in lung volume}}{{change in transpulmonary pressure}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

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