Mastering EtCO2 Monitoring and Respiratory Mechanics
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

  • Alveoli
  • Bronchioles
  • Trachea
  • Brain (correct)

    • Which lung has three lobes?

  • Right lung (correct)
  • Left lung
  • Both lungs
  • Neither lung

    • Which term describes a subjective perception of shortness of breath?

  • Respiratory distress
  • Hypoxemia
  • Dyspnoea (correct)
  • Hypoxia

    • What is the most common cause of foreign bodies and aspiration in the respiratory system?

    <p>Right main bronchus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood?

    <p>Hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of asthma?

    <p>Chronic airway inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of tidal volume in asthma management?

    <p>6-8 ml/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a shark fin appearance on capnography indicate?

    <p>Air struggling to get out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of permissive hypoxia/hypercapnia in asthma management?

    <p>Prevent breath stacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which O2 delivery system is considered the gold standard for nebulization in asthma management?

    <p>8 liters per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a long-term effect of asthma?

    <p>Airway remodelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured inhalation in patients with COPD or asthma?

    <p>Scalenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

    <p>V = RR x TV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for functional residual capacity (FRC)?

    <p>FRC = Expiratory reserve + residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for PaCO2?

    <p>35 to 45mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?

    <p>Inadequate ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?

    <p>Pulmonary compliance = volume change / pressure change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of good control in the management of exacerbation of asthma?

    <p>Daytime symptoms or need for reliever &lt; 2 days per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acute pulmonary edema (APO)?

    <p>Chemical burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mechanism of fluid movement from capillaries into alveoli in acute pulmonary edema (APO)?

    <p>Increased capillary permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on the lungs?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of ARDS is characterized by the multiplication of abnormal alveolar cells and inflammatory cells?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of indirect ARDS?

    <p>Systemic sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is recommended for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

    <p>Semi-fowlers position (30 degrees head/torso up)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target SpO2 level for oxygen therapy in patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

    <p>SpO2 96+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) during ventilations for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

    <p>To improve oxygenation by keeping the alveoli open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy, similar to PEEP, can be administered early for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

    <p>CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) administration be withheld for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

    <p>Before identifying a hydrostatic pressure issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should cautious fluid therapy be implemented for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

    <p>Only for patients in hypovolemic/septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung has a greater risk for foreign bodies and aspiration?

    <p>Right lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most sensitive organ to hypoxia?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?

    <p>Alveolar sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a subjective perception of shortness of breath?

    <p>Dyspnoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of non-allergic asthma?

    <p>It is often triggered by exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of histamine activation on H1 receptors in the asthma cascade?

    <p>Bronchoconstriction and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a long-term effect of asthma?

    <p>Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using short-acting muscarinic agents (SAMA) in asthma management?

    <p>To reduce mucus production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

    <p>V = RR x VT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is recommended for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

    <p>Semi-fowlers position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

    <p>V = VT x f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy, similar to PEEP, can be administered early for patients with hypoxia and HAPE?

    <p>CPAP therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which O2 delivery system is considered the gold standard for nebulization in asthma management?

    <p>Metered-dose inhaler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of type 2 (hypercapnic) respiratory failure?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of low inspired oxygen?

    <p>Shifts the Oxy-Hb curve to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured exhalation in patients with obstructive lung disease?

    <p>Obliques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?

    <p>Tidal volume - inspiratory reserve volume = expiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

    <p>V = RR x TV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of type 1 (hypoxemic) respiratory failure?

    <p>Inadequate oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for PaCO2?

    <p>35 to 45mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of poor control in the management of exacerbation of asthma?

    <p>Partial control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for functional residual capacity (FRC)?

    <p>FRC = TV + ERV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of acute pulmonary edema (APO)?

    <p>Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles are involved in laboured inhalation in patients with COPD or asthma?

    <p>External intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target SpO2 level for oxygen therapy in patients with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

    <blockquote> <p>92%</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of management in reversing hypoxia and preventing HPV?

    <p>The aim is to treat the underlying cause, position the patient semi-fowlers (30 degrees head/torso up), provide O2 therapy aiming for SpO2 96+, administer ventilations with PEEP to ensure adequate ventilation, consider early CPAP therapy, and cautiously administer GTN (nitroglycerin) after exhausting the patient on CPAP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for a patient with hypoxia and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)?

    <p>The recommended position is semi-fowlers, with the head and torso elevated at a 30-degree angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of permissive hypoxia/hypercapnia in asthma management?

    <p>The purpose is to tolerate lower levels of oxygen (hypoxia) and higher levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) in order to reduce the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury and improve patient outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for minute ventilation (V)?

    <p>$V = tidal volume \times respiratory rate$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for pulmonary compliance?

    <p>$Compliance = \frac{{change in lung volume}}{{change in transpulmonary pressure}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

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