Respiratory System: Control of Breathing

How does increased activity of skeletal muscles during exercise directly relate to the respiratory system's homeostatic contribution?

How do the lungs contribute to the endocrine system, specifically regarding blood pressure regulation?

During inhalation, how does the respiratory pump mechanism assist the cardiovascular system?

How does the respiratory system contribute to the acid-base balance in body fluids?

What is the primary physiological stimulus that leads to the control of ventilation by affecting breathing rate and depth?

What is the primary role of chemoreceptors in the context of respiratory control?

If the brainstem is severed below the medulla oblongata, what is the expected outcome regarding respiration?

What is the consequence of separating the pons from the medulla?

Which of the following best describes the function of the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?

What physiological response would occur if the central chemoreceptors detect a significant decrease in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

How does carbon dioxide get transported to the lungs?

How does carbon monoxide (CO) affect oxygen transport by haemoglobin?

What does the Bohr effect describe regarding oxygen saturation?

What is the effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) on the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve, and under what conditions is this effect typically observed?

An individual is at high altitude. How do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to predict Ventilation?

Why is decreased $P_{O_2}$ not as effective at firing ventilation than increased $P_{CO_2}$?

Under what condition might vascular stasis stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors?

What impact do baroreceptors have on ventilation?

What would you expect to happen if there are afferent fibres in stimulated by an increased arterial blood pressure?

What best describes how “Compliance” influences ventilation?

Which of the following most accurately describes the location of the central chemoreceptors that influence respiratory control?

Which of the following is a primary function of central chemoreceptors?

Which of the following changes are most likely to stimulate central chemoreceptors and, as a result, increase ventilation?

Under certain conditions, chronic retention of which gas reduces the sensitivity of the body’s respiratory center?

Apart from carbon dioxide retention, which condition would directly impact chemoreceptors?

What is the effect of anaesthetics on ventilation?

Why is there high blood flow in the carotid body & aortic arch in peripheral chemoreceptors?

What blood $P_{O_2}$ condition will trigger most effectively action planning of peripheral ventilation: HIGH OR LOW?

What is the average breaths per minute an adult would take at rest?

What do stretch receptors respond to?

What is the function of airway smooth muscle?

How do impulses influence "drives” motor neuron?

What happens inside the lungs during inhalation?

How does the body facilitate inhalation?

According to elastic recoil of the lungs, where does the breathing occur?

Relating to forced breathing, in what stage will diaphragms contract?

Relating to the homeostatic components of the respiration control system, identify the correct effector

How would holding your breath typically affect arterial blood gas levels and pH?

How does the cooperative binding of oxygen to haemoglobin affect oxygen saturation?

What is the primary role of the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) during quiet breathing?

In scenarios of increased metabolic demand, such as during intense exercise, how does the body ensure adequate oxygen supply to tissues?

How do central chemoreceptors respond to a sustained increase in arterial $P_{CO_2}$?

What is the functional significance of the extensive network of capillaries surrounding the alveoli in the lungs?

What is the effect of increased levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

How does the Bohr effect influence oxygen unloading during exercise?

What mechanisms enable the carriage of carbon dioxide to the lungs?

During forced breathing, what role do the inspiratory muscles play, and how is this coordinated?

If central chemoreceptors primarily detect changes in pH of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), how does systemic hypercapnia (increased arterial $P_{CO_2}$) lead to their activation?

What is the primary function of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) that is released from endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries?

How do stretch receptors in lung tissues affect the control of breathing during forced ventilation?

In what scenario would vascular stasis most likely stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors?

What physiological advantage is conferred by the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

How does anaemia affect firing of peripheral chemoreceptors?

The respiratory system helps counteract blood acidity by directly:

What is the influence of baroreceptors on ventilation?

Why is the blood flow in the carotid body & aortic arch high?

Following severing of the brainstem below the medulla oblongata, what is the predicted outcome for ventilation?

During exercise, the ______ system supports increased activity of skeletal muscles by increasing the rate and depth of breathing.

The respiratory system contributes to overall homeostasis by providing oxygen and removing ______.

The ______ system works with the respiratory system to regulate the pH of body fluids.

The average time an adult can hold their breath is more influenced by the build-up of blood-acidifying ______ than the lack of oxygen.

[Blank] are sensors that monitor blood pH, $PaO_2$, and $PaCO_2$ levels to control respiration.

The efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs depends on both alveolar distribution and ______ in all parts of the lungs.

Endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries release ______, which plays a role in blood pressure regulation.

The percentage saturation of hemoglobin indicates how much ______ is bound to hemoglobin compared to its maximum capacity.

Compared to oxygen, carbon dioxide is 24 times more ______, which means it doesn't require a carrier to be transported in the blood.

Hemoglobin (Hb) binds 98% of oxygen, forming ______ ($HbO_2$).

According to ______, carbon dioxide unbinds from hemoglobin and diffuses out of the RBC.

The ______ describes the shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve due to changes in pH.

Steady state alveolar ventilation is equal to ______.

An increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the ______.

[Blank] enables the Cl shift, facilitating the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood.

The medulla oblongata, which controls respiration, is fine-tuned by neurons in the ______.

The ______ pattern of respiration refers to the automatic control of inspiratory and expiratory muscles by neurons in the medulla.

The ______ cortex, the origin of voluntary control, additionally influences the respiratory center.

Severing the brainstem below the ______ results in no breathing.

The medulla oblongata coordinates quiet and forced breathing, and controls the ______ of ventilation.

The ______ respiratory group controls the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

Respond to changes in blood pressure are ______, located in the carotid body and aortic arch.

Central chemoreceptors are most effective in altering ventilation due to their responsiveness to changes in ______ concentration.

Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low arterial $PO_2$, a condition known as ______.

At very high altitude, ventilation is increased due to the decreased alveolar $PO_2$; there is also a larger ______ in $O_2$ loading into the blood.

[Blank] is when dissolved $PO_2$ is the same, but there is low $O_2$ carrying capacity, does not trigger firing. (Hb content/capacity differs)

If vascular stasis (decreased blood flow to the carotid body) occurs, ______ chemoreceptors will be stimulated.

An impulse inhibits respiration via the respiratory centre via the medulla is called ______.

In a normal individual, airway resistance to airflow occurs in the ______ airways.

[Blank] is a measure of the ease of lung expansion.

The term volume describes a relationship between amount of carbon dioxide produced and oxygen absorbed.

The medulla responds to hypercapnia which results in an increase of what component in cerebral spinal fluid [CSF]?

The average adult takes ______ to ______ breaths per minute to move approximately ~ 6 L of air.

External intercostal muscles ______, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

In forced breathing stimulates the VRG and apneustic center to begin ______.

The impulses mediating conscious change travel via the ______.

[Blank] are bags that are elastic, but lack muscle that would allow them to expand or contract themselves.

[Blank] monitor $PCO_2$, pH and, $PO_2$ of arterial blood, moderating rhythm of breathing.

A shift to the right indicates a ______ affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.

[Blank] are found in the muscular portion of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles - prevent over-inflation.

During inhalations, the respiratory pump aids the return of ______ blood to the heart.

The lungs contain ______-converting enzyme (ACE), which catalyzes the formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I.

The nose contains receptors for the sense of smell, known as ______.

Together, the respiratory and ______ systems regulate pH, which ensures the body can maintain acid-base balance

The average time an adult can hold their breath it is more related to the build-up of blood-acidifying ______ than the lack of oxygen.

The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin depends on the plasma O2 and the amount of ______.

A shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve resulting from a pH change is known as the ______ effect.

H+ ions bind hemoglobin molecules and (reversibly) cause a ______ change.

An increase of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate shifts the curve to the ______ under conditions such as exercise, drop in blood pH, and increase in the thyroid hormones.

Approximately 70% of the CO2 load is converted to bicarbonate and ______.

The relationship between amount of carbon dioxide produced and oxygen absorbed is known as the ______.

[Blank] can be described as increased rate and depth of breathing supporting increased activity of skeletal muscles during exercise.

The average ventilation is at rest 12 and 15 breaths per minute ~______ mLs air at each breath ~ 6 L per minute.

The medulla oblongata and pons ______ ventilation in the respiratory system.

The two control centers are Dorsal Respiratory Group and ______ Respiratory Group.

The carotid and aortic bodies are locations of ______ chemoreceptors.

Activation of ______ influences elastic recoil of the lungs, thus promoting quiet exhalation.

A main control is by central chemoreceptors in response to altered ______.

In forced breathing only, the expansion of lungs inhibits neurones in respiratory centre via ______ nerve.

Compared to central chemoreceptors, decreased PO₂ is not as powerful stimulator of ______.