12 Questions
What is the term used to describe the way a question is formulated, influencing the decisions people make?
Framing
Which term represents what an outcome is personally worth to an individual?
Subjective Utility
What does the term 'Functional Fixedness' refer to?
Difficulty conceptualizing alternative uses of an object
What are the fundamental sounds that are the smallest unit of speech called?
Phonemes
Which theory suggests that children are born with some basic knowledge about language?
Nativist
What does Chomsky's Language acquisition device hypothesize humans are born with?
Specific language organ in the brain
What is the Availability Heuristic?
Estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to mind
What is Hindsight Bias?
Overestimating how well something could have been predicted after it happened
Which process involves System 1 and System 2 thinking?
Decision Making
What is Representativeness Heuristic primarily concerned with?
Estimating likelihood based on similarity to a prototype
What does Top Down Processing aim to do?
Utilize pre-existing knowledge for cognitive functioning
What is the key difference between System 1 and System 2 thinking?
System 1 is rapid & intuitive, System 2 is slow and analytical
Study Notes
Decision Making and Problem Solving
- Paralysis by analysis occurs when individuals overthink big decisions, leading to indecision
- Framing effects influence decision making, as the way a question is formulated can affect choices
- Neuroeconomics studies how the brain works while making financial decisions
- Expected Value calculates the potential outcome of a decision, while Subjective Utility represents personal value
- Subjective Probability involves personal estimates of probability
Problem Solving Strategies
- Problem-solving involves active efforts to discover a solution to reach a goal
- Algorithms are step-by-step procedures to solve problems, like making a sandwich or replacing a car starter
- Salience of Surface Similarities occurs when individuals focus on irrelevant details, ignoring meaningful ones
- Mental Sets involve becoming stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, inhibiting alternative solutions
- Functional Fixedness refers to the difficulty in conceptualizing an object's alternative uses
Language and Communication
- Phonemes are fundamental sounds in speech, with around 40-45 used in English
- Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in language, consisting of root words, prefixes, and suffixes
- Syntax refers to the rules for arranging words into sentences, varying across languages
- Extralinguistic Information includes facial expressions, tone of voice, and previous statements that aid language interpretation
Language Acquisition
- Imitation theory suggests babies learn language by hearing it used systematically
- Nativist theory proposes that children are born with basic language knowledge
- Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device hypothesizes a language organ in the brain
Heuristics and Biases
- Representativeness Heuristic judges probability based on superficial similarity to a prototype
- Availability Heuristic estimates likelihood based on how easily an event comes to mind
- Hindsight Bias involves overestimating predictive ability after an event occurs
Test your knowledge on heuristics in the context of language, thought, and reasoning. This quiz covers topics like Representativeness Heuristics and Availability Heuristic.
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