28 Questions
What is the term used to describe the application of regular grammar rules to irregular verbs and nouns during language development?
Overregulation
At what stage do children typically realize that words can have more than one meaning?
7-9 years
Which concept in language development involves the capacity to communicate in another time or place?
Displacement
According to the Nativist Approach, what causes children to attend to and perceive language in certain ways?
Neurological prewiring
What term describes the theory that language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language?
Psycholinguistics theory
What vocalization stage involves crying, cooing, and babbling, leading up to the child's first spoken word around 1 year old?
Prelinguistic vocalizations
What term describes the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its familiar function?
Functional fixedness
Which heuristic involves estimating probabilities based on examples of relevant events, often disregarding scientific data?
Availability heuristic
What term defines the context of information influencing decision-making?
Framing effect
In the context of language, what sets humans apart from other species?
Language communication capability
What term refers to the smallest unit of meaning in language?
Morphemes
Which aspect of language focuses on the characteristics of spoken language such as intonation and gesture?
Pragmatics
What aspect of emotional intelligence involves being aware of and managing one's own emotions, self-motivation, empathy, and handling relations?
Intra/Intern (empathy)
What is the basis for academic achievements according to the text?
Overcoming obstacles by taking thoughts
What aspect is NOT a factor that affects intellectual functioning?
Gender differences
What is a key characteristic of creative people according to the text?
Defy limits
Which theory of intelligence suggests that intelligence consists of a general factor (G factor) and specific abilities (S factor)?
Spearman's G Factor Theory
Which type of twins show the strongest correlation in IQ scores according to the text?
Identical twins
Which type of thinking freely assesses elements of a problem and is best used in measuring creativity?
Divergent
Which theory of intelligence includes spatial, bodily, and linguistic intelligences among its categories?
Theory of Multiple Intelligence
What is the approximate heritability range mentioned in the text?
40% - 60%
Which factor is related to IQ similarities according to the text?
Being reared together
What is the unusual combination seen in individuals with Savant Syndrome?
Genius performance in different areas and low performance in others
Which scale is specifically mentioned for measuring intelligence in individuals aged 16 and older?
Wechsler Scale
What does the Wechsler Scale provide separate scores for in intelligence testing?
Verbal IQ and Performance IQ
Which of the following is NOT one of Thurstone's primary mental abilities?
Musical sensitivity
In adoption studies, what relation is stronger according to the text?
Relation between IQ scores of adopted child and bioparent
According to Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, what ability is related to coping with novel situations and generating multiple solutions?
Creative ability
Study Notes
Intelligence and Creativity
- European-American children tend to outperform African-American children on intelligence tests.
- Emotional Intelligence (EQ) involves applying knowledge about emotions to life, including managing one's own emotions, self-motivation, empathy, and handling relationships.
Emotional Intelligence
- Intra/interpersonal skills: empathy, self-insight, and self-control.
- Coping with stress, depression, and aggressive behavior.
- Awareness of emotions and their appropriateness in different situations.
Creativity
- Creative people produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas and solutions.
- Characteristics of creative people: doing novel and useful things, taking risks, defying limits, and appreciating art and music.
- Divergent thinking: freely associating elements of a problem to generate many ideas.
Measurement of Intelligence
- Wechsler Scale: used for individuals 16 and older.
- Deviation score: separates subscales (verbal and performance tasks) into three IQ scores: verbal IQ, performance IQ, and functional IQ.
Heuristics in Decision Making
- Representative heuristic: judging events based on their similarity to a typical case.
- Availability heuristic: estimating probability based on the availability of relevant information.
- Anchoring and adjustment heuristic: using an initial estimate as an anchor and adjusting it based on new information.
- Framing effect: the context of information presentation affects decision-making.
Language
- Non-human communication capability: a unique aspect of humans.
- Language: a system of socially shared, arbitrary symbols (sounds, signs, and words) arranged according to rules of grammar.
Psycholinguistics
- Language acquisition: how language is acquired, produced, and used.
- Phonemes: the smallest unit of sound in spoken language.
- Morphemes: the smallest unit of meaning.
- Syntax: specific rules for arranging and combining words to form sentences.
- Semantics: meaning derived from morphemes, words, and sentences.
- Pragmatics: the characteristics of spoken language, including intonation, gesture, and indicating social meaning.
Language Development
- Telegraphic speech: children understanding syntax (around 30 months).
- Overextension/underextension: applying words to a broader range of objects than intended (around 18-20 months).
- Overregulation: applying grammatical rules to irregular verbs/nouns (around 36 months).
Nature vs. Nurture
- Learning theory: imitation and reinforcement, with parents as role models.
- Nativist approach: innate factors cause children to attend to and perceive language in certain ways.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
- Represents the inborn tendency to learn language.
- Prepares the nervous system to learn universal grammar.
Language and Culture
- Linguistic-relativity hypothesis: language structure influences thought and perception.
- Bilingualism: metalinguistic skill, learning culture in depth, and speaking two or more languages.
Language Development
- Prelinguistic vocalizations: crying, cooing, and babbling.
- Holophrase: a single word with complex meaning (around 2 years old).
- First spoken word: around 1 year old.
Intelligence and Cognitive Development
- Full-scale IQ: measures intellectual functioning.
- Socioeconomic and ethnic differences: considering social class and ethnicity in IQ scores.
- Gender differences: no overall differences in cognitive ability, but differences in verbal and visual-spatial abilities.
Genetic Influences
- Kinship studies: identical twins (MZ) show more similar IQ scores.
- Twin studies: moderate relationship between IQ scores of fraternal twins, siblings, and parent-child pairs.
- Adoption studies: stronger relationship between IQ scores of adopted children and biological parents.
Heritability
- 40% to 60% of the difference between an individual's IQ score and others can be explained by heredity.
Factors Affecting Intellectual Functioning
- Genetic factors
- Stimulating environment (home and school)
- Health
- Socioeconomic status
Test your knowledge on the concept of heuristics in decision making with a focus on representativeness, availability, and anchoring & adjustment heuristics. Explore how these cognitive shortcuts affect our decision-making processes.
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