Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one reason teachers tell students not to speak in L1 during lessons?
What is one reason teachers tell students not to speak in L1 during lessons?
- It reduces the teacher's workload.
- It helps students feel more comfortable.
- It encourages students to think in L2. (correct)
- It promotes student-student interaction.
Students are allowed to make mistakes during tasks because correction is done at the end.
Students are allowed to make mistakes during tasks because correction is done at the end.
True (A)
What is the purpose of setting comprehension questions before a lesson?
What is the purpose of setting comprehension questions before a lesson?
To arouse interest and activate schemata.
Doing student-student correction maximizes student talk and creates a sense of __________.
Doing student-student correction maximizes student talk and creates a sense of __________.
Match the classroom practices with their respective benefits:
Match the classroom practices with their respective benefits:
Which methodology aspect emphasizes that learners should not think in their native language?
Which methodology aspect emphasizes that learners should not think in their native language?
Language teaching methods have developed in a linear and orderly manner throughout history.
Language teaching methods have developed in a linear and orderly manner throughout history.
How do teachers benefit from allowing students to make mistakes?
How do teachers benefit from allowing students to make mistakes?
Which theorist proposed the concept of Universal Grammar (UG)?
Which theorist proposed the concept of Universal Grammar (UG)?
According to Skinner, language acquisition is solely due to innate biological factors.
According to Skinner, language acquisition is solely due to innate biological factors.
What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
According to Piaget and Vygotsky, language emerges when physical and emotional development reaches a _____ where language is required.
According to Piaget and Vygotsky, language emerges when physical and emotional development reaches a _____ where language is required.
Match the following theories of language acquisition with their main proponents:
Match the following theories of language acquisition with their main proponents:
What do Piaget and Vygotsky believe about language acquisition?
What do Piaget and Vygotsky believe about language acquisition?
The 'poverty of the stimulus' refers to the idea that children acquire language correctly despite insufficient input.
The 'poverty of the stimulus' refers to the idea that children acquire language correctly despite insufficient input.
What is the role of reinforcement in Skinner's theory of language acquisition?
What is the role of reinforcement in Skinner's theory of language acquisition?
What tradition focused on academic and grammar-based language teaching?
What tradition focused on academic and grammar-based language teaching?
Jacques Bellot's 'Familiar Dialogues' was intended for teaching grammar.
Jacques Bellot's 'Familiar Dialogues' was intended for teaching grammar.
Name one influence on the development of language teaching in the nineteenth century.
Name one influence on the development of language teaching in the nineteenth century.
The Grammar Translation Method requires ____ and emphasizes grammar rules.
The Grammar Translation Method requires ____ and emphasizes grammar rules.
Match each language teaching method with its description:
Match each language teaching method with its description:
What was often criticized about the Grammar Translation Method?
What was often criticized about the Grammar Translation Method?
The Direct Method encourages the use of the mother tongue in teaching.
The Direct Method encourages the use of the mother tongue in teaching.
What type of approach emphasizes the natural use of language and communicative meaning?
What type of approach emphasizes the natural use of language and communicative meaning?
What was the primary reaction against which the Direct Method emerged?
What was the primary reaction against which the Direct Method emerged?
In the seventeenth century, grammar-based language teaching was termed the ‘_____ tradition.’
In the seventeenth century, grammar-based language teaching was termed the ‘_____ tradition.’
The Direct Method completely replaced Grammar Translation in language teaching.
The Direct Method completely replaced Grammar Translation in language teaching.
Name one characteristic of the Direct Method in language teaching.
Name one characteristic of the Direct Method in language teaching.
Match the following proponents with their beliefs on translation in teaching:
Match the following proponents with their beliefs on translation in teaching:
Which statement correctly describes Audiolingualism?
Which statement correctly describes Audiolingualism?
The Direct Method is known for its focus on __________ in the early stages of language learning.
The Direct Method is known for its focus on __________ in the early stages of language learning.
Grammar Translation is now outdated and rarely used in modern teaching.
Grammar Translation is now outdated and rarely used in modern teaching.
Who believed language acquisition could be compared to biological functions like walking?
Who believed language acquisition could be compared to biological functions like walking?
What is a characteristic of the Direct Method?
What is a characteristic of the Direct Method?
The Direct Method is solely a historical curiosity in the field of language teaching.
The Direct Method is solely a historical curiosity in the field of language teaching.
What aspect of language did the Direct Method continue to have a very grammatical view of?
What aspect of language did the Direct Method continue to have a very grammatical view of?
The Grammar Translation Method is often accused of having a ______ syllabus.
The Grammar Translation Method is often accused of having a ______ syllabus.
Which interaction style is indicative of the marketplace tradition?
Which interaction style is indicative of the marketplace tradition?
The term __________ refers to the language teaching programs used by the US Armed Forces during World War II.
The term __________ refers to the language teaching programs used by the US Armed Forces during World War II.
Which method was more informed by research and theory compared to the Direct Method?
Which method was more informed by research and theory compared to the Direct Method?
According to Behaviourists, language acquisition occurs through mental processing and cognitive strategies.
According to Behaviourists, language acquisition occurs through mental processing and cognitive strategies.
What does spontaneous speech often include, against what Behaviourism assumes?
What does spontaneous speech often include, against what Behaviourism assumes?
Match the following language teaching methods or theories with their focus:
Match the following language teaching methods or theories with their focus:
In the Direct Method, the classroom includes a lot of __________ work similar to individual drills.
In the Direct Method, the classroom includes a lot of __________ work similar to individual drills.
What problem did the Reform Movement identify with traditional language teaching methods?
What problem did the Reform Movement identify with traditional language teaching methods?
What was the primary focus of the Audiolingual Approach to language teaching?
What was the primary focus of the Audiolingual Approach to language teaching?
The Audiolingual Approach was developed with no theoretical foundation.
The Audiolingual Approach was developed with no theoretical foundation.
What was the name of the program set up by the army to teach foreign languages during World War II?
What was the name of the program set up by the army to teach foreign languages during World War II?
Audiolingualism is based on a __________ view of learning, emphasizing habit formation.
Audiolingualism is based on a __________ view of learning, emphasizing habit formation.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What differentiates Audiolingualism from the Direct Method?
What differentiates Audiolingualism from the Direct Method?
Audiolingualism allows for errors to be produced during language learning.
Audiolingualism allows for errors to be produced during language learning.
What type of linguistic analysis is featured prominently in Audiolingualism?
What type of linguistic analysis is featured prominently in Audiolingualism?
What is the primary focus of task-based learning (TBL) as described in the content?
What is the primary focus of task-based learning (TBL) as described in the content?
The Bangalore Project involved a strong focus on language while teaching English to children.
The Bangalore Project involved a strong focus on language while teaching English to children.
Who are the authors of the book 'Teachers Exploring Tasks'?
Who are the authors of the book 'Teachers Exploring Tasks'?
In a more moderate application of TBL, the language focus comes at the _____ of the lesson.
In a more moderate application of TBL, the language focus comes at the _____ of the lesson.
Match the types of task-based learning (TBL) to their characteristics:
Match the types of task-based learning (TBL) to their characteristics:
Which book describes a lesson that begins with a holistic experience of language?
Which book describes a lesson that begins with a holistic experience of language?
The New Cutting Edge Intermediate course book is an example of TBL applied in language teaching materials.
The New Cutting Edge Intermediate course book is an example of TBL applied in language teaching materials.
The term __________ refers to the various manifestations of task-based learning that may cause confusion.
The term __________ refers to the various manifestations of task-based learning that may cause confusion.
Who emphasized that knowing the composition of sentences does not guarantee knowledge of their use in communication?
Who emphasized that knowing the composition of sentences does not guarantee knowledge of their use in communication?
The Communicative Approach focuses solely on accuracy rather than fluency.
The Communicative Approach focuses solely on accuracy rather than fluency.
What educational philosophy has been increasingly adopted in ELT since the 1960s?
What educational philosophy has been increasingly adopted in ELT since the 1960s?
The method known as __________ emphasizes action in the classroom in response to teacher directions.
The method known as __________ emphasizes action in the classroom in response to teacher directions.
Match the following methodologies with their descriptions:
Match the following methodologies with their descriptions:
Which of the following aspects is NOT a concern of the Communicative Approach?
Which of the following aspects is NOT a concern of the Communicative Approach?
The Natural Approach focuses on formal grammar instruction before communication.
The Natural Approach focuses on formal grammar instruction before communication.
What does the Lexical Approach emphasize in language learning?
What does the Lexical Approach emphasize in language learning?
___________ believed that students can learn more quickly than previously thought through an atmosphere of relaxation.
___________ believed that students can learn more quickly than previously thought through an atmosphere of relaxation.
Match the following humanistic approaches with their features:
Match the following humanistic approaches with their features:
Which methodology was known for its focus on both form and communicative use of language?
Which methodology was known for its focus on both form and communicative use of language?
Progressive educational ideas have faced criticism for going too far in recent years.
Progressive educational ideas have faced criticism for going too far in recent years.
Name one characteristic of the Direct Method.
Name one characteristic of the Direct Method.
The method known as __________ encourages students to act out situations and use role-play.
The method known as __________ encourages students to act out situations and use role-play.
What is a common criticism of Grammar Translation?
What is a common criticism of Grammar Translation?
The Natural Approach promotes the idea of the 'Right to Silence' in language learning.
The Natural Approach promotes the idea of the 'Right to Silence' in language learning.
Which of the following best represents the 'strong' Communicative Approach?
Which of the following best represents the 'strong' Communicative Approach?
Who were the primary figures associated with The Natural Approach?
Who were the primary figures associated with The Natural Approach?
The Communicative Approach emerged as a response to the effectiveness of Audiolingualism.
The Communicative Approach emerged as a response to the effectiveness of Audiolingualism.
The __________ Hypothesis suggests that language acquisition occurs in a natural order regardless of various learner factors.
The __________ Hypothesis suggests that language acquisition occurs in a natural order regardless of various learner factors.
What is the primary focus of the Communicative Approach in language teaching?
What is the primary focus of the Communicative Approach in language teaching?
Match the hypotheses from The Natural Approach with their descriptions:
Match the hypotheses from The Natural Approach with their descriptions:
The __________ Level provides learners with a way to measure their linguistic competence.
The __________ Level provides learners with a way to measure their linguistic competence.
Which of the following critiques is often directed towards the Audiolingual approach?
Which of the following critiques is often directed towards the Audiolingual approach?
Match the aspects of language teaching approaches with their descriptions:
Match the aspects of language teaching approaches with their descriptions:
The Communicative Approach is easy to define and has a single established methodology.
The Communicative Approach is easy to define and has a single established methodology.
What does the Affective Filter Hypothesis imply about student attitudes towards language learning?
What does the Affective Filter Hypothesis imply about student attitudes towards language learning?
What are the two main concepts that the Communicative Approach divides language into?
What are the two main concepts that the Communicative Approach divides language into?
The Audiolingual approach was prevalent in language teaching until the early _______.
The Audiolingual approach was prevalent in language teaching until the early _______.
Functions in language refer to the topics covered in a language curriculum.
Functions in language refer to the topics covered in a language curriculum.
According to the Communicative Approach, language is seen as more __________ than just a set of structural patterns.
According to the Communicative Approach, language is seen as more __________ than just a set of structural patterns.
Match the following language teaching terms with their related definitions:
Match the following language teaching terms with their related definitions:
According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis, what level of language input is most beneficial for learners?
According to Krashen's Input Hypothesis, what level of language input is most beneficial for learners?
The Council of Europe proposed that language teaching should occur in __________ contexts.
The Council of Europe proposed that language teaching should occur in __________ contexts.
Which method views language acquisition as a process of habit formation?
Which method views language acquisition as a process of habit formation?
The Communicative Approach primarily values linguistic accuracy over effective communication.
The Communicative Approach primarily values linguistic accuracy over effective communication.
The 'weaker' version of the Communicative Approach emphasizes no focus on grammar.
The 'weaker' version of the Communicative Approach emphasizes no focus on grammar.
What does the term 'Right to Silence' refer to in the context of language learning?
What does the term 'Right to Silence' refer to in the context of language learning?
The approach that contrasts with Audiolingualism by focusing on learning to use language is called __________.
The approach that contrasts with Audiolingualism by focusing on learning to use language is called __________.
Who published 'The Threshold Level for Modern Language Learning in Schools'?
Who published 'The Threshold Level for Modern Language Learning in Schools'?
The term __________ describes the belief that language is acquired through hypothesis and trial and error.
The term __________ describes the belief that language is acquired through hypothesis and trial and error.
Match concepts of the Communicative Approach with their descriptions:
Match concepts of the Communicative Approach with their descriptions:
What is the main teaching philosophy of the Silent Way?
What is the main teaching philosophy of the Silent Way?
In Community Language Learning (CLL), the teacher's role is to dominate the recording process.
In Community Language Learning (CLL), the teacher's role is to dominate the recording process.
What is a Fidel Chart used for?
What is a Fidel Chart used for?
In neurolinguistic programming (NLP), language acquisition is viewed as a ______ process.
In neurolinguistic programming (NLP), language acquisition is viewed as a ______ process.
What role does fun play in modern language teaching approaches?
What role does fun play in modern language teaching approaches?
According to the Silent Way, the teacher should speak as much as possible.
According to the Silent Way, the teacher should speak as much as possible.
What does CLL stand for in language learning methodologies?
What does CLL stand for in language learning methodologies?
The concept of teaching the 'whole person' is prominent in ______ Language Learning.
The concept of teaching the 'whole person' is prominent in ______ Language Learning.
Match the following strategies or concepts with their uses or implications:
Match the following strategies or concepts with their uses or implications:
What is emphasized in the task-based approach to language teaching?
What is emphasized in the task-based approach to language teaching?
Kinaesthetic learning is a key component of Neurolinguistic Programming.
Kinaesthetic learning is a key component of Neurolinguistic Programming.
What is one example of an activity that may be considered 'fun' but may not cater to all learners?
What is one example of an activity that may be considered 'fun' but may not cater to all learners?
In the Silent Way, students are encouraged to ______ one another in their learning.
In the Silent Way, students are encouraged to ______ one another in their learning.
Match the language teaching approaches with their characteristics:
Match the language teaching approaches with their characteristics:
What is the central concept of Michael Lewis's Lexical Approach?
What is the central concept of Michael Lewis's Lexical Approach?
The concept of 'grammaring' suggests grammar should be viewed as a dynamic process rather than a static product.
The concept of 'grammaring' suggests grammar should be viewed as a dynamic process rather than a static product.
Who is credited with the idea of describing grammar as a process?
Who is credited with the idea of describing grammar as a process?
According to Diane Larson-Freeman, 'grammaring' should be regarded as the __________ skill.
According to Diane Larson-Freeman, 'grammaring' should be regarded as the __________ skill.
Match the following key terms with their corresponding definitions:
Match the following key terms with their corresponding definitions:
What did Michael Lewis suggest about language in the Lexical Approach?
What did Michael Lewis suggest about language in the Lexical Approach?
The Lexical Approach is incompatible with communicative teaching practices.
The Lexical Approach is incompatible with communicative teaching practices.
What does the term 'collocation' refer to in the context of the Lexical Approach?
What does the term 'collocation' refer to in the context of the Lexical Approach?
What term describes the practice of teachers selecting a variety of techniques from different methodologies for principled reasons?
What term describes the practice of teachers selecting a variety of techniques from different methodologies for principled reasons?
The Communicative Approach is considered the newest method in language teaching.
The Communicative Approach is considered the newest method in language teaching.
What is another name for Principled Eclecticism that suggests a selective approach?
What is another name for Principled Eclecticism that suggests a selective approach?
In language teaching, different cultures require different __________.
In language teaching, different cultures require different __________.
Match the following concepts with their implications in language teaching:
Match the following concepts with their implications in language teaching:
Why has the practice of language teaching become confusing in recent times?
Why has the practice of language teaching become confusing in recent times?
Principled Eclecticism promotes using only one specific method in language teaching.
Principled Eclecticism promotes using only one specific method in language teaching.
What practice in language teaching combines drilling with some communicative practice?
What practice in language teaching combines drilling with some communicative practice?
What is the primary advantage of the flipped classroom model?
What is the primary advantage of the flipped classroom model?
In the flipped classroom model, students learn the new content primarily in the classroom.
In the flipped classroom model, students learn the new content primarily in the classroom.
What does 'Demand High Teaching' emphasize?
What does 'Demand High Teaching' emphasize?
Flipped classrooms allow students to work at their own ______.
Flipped classrooms allow students to work at their own ______.
Match the following advantages of flipped classrooms with their descriptions:
Match the following advantages of flipped classrooms with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a concern regarding the flipped classroom approach?
Which of the following is a concern regarding the flipped classroom approach?
Demand High Teaching advocates for covering more material in a lesson.
Demand High Teaching advocates for covering more material in a lesson.
Who conceived the concept of Demand High Teaching?
Who conceived the concept of Demand High Teaching?
The term '_____ demand' refers to tasks that are too difficult for learners.
The term '_____ demand' refers to tasks that are too difficult for learners.
What is characteristic of the 'doable demand' approach?
What is characteristic of the 'doable demand' approach?
Flipped classrooms assume that all students will engage with online materials effectively.
Flipped classrooms assume that all students will engage with online materials effectively.
What instructional materials are often used in a flipped classroom model?
What instructional materials are often used in a flipped classroom model?
One criticism of the flipped classroom model is that it may be more suitable for _____ subjects.
One criticism of the flipped classroom model is that it may be more suitable for _____ subjects.
Match the following concepts with their focus:
Match the following concepts with their focus:
What is the main goal of a dictogloss activity?
What is the main goal of a dictogloss activity?
Thornbury believes that communication in teaching should be sidelined for more structured lessons.
Thornbury believes that communication in teaching should be sidelined for more structured lessons.
What does Dogme ELT focus on in terms of teaching materials?
What does Dogme ELT focus on in terms of teaching materials?
Thornbury's approach is often compared to the ______ movement in cinema.
Thornbury's approach is often compared to the ______ movement in cinema.
Match the following theories with their central tenets:
Match the following theories with their central tenets:
What is one criticism of Dogme ELT?
What is one criticism of Dogme ELT?
Dogme ELT suggests that conversation is not essential for language acquisition.
Dogme ELT suggests that conversation is not essential for language acquisition.
What does Thornbury mean by 'letting the grammar out'?
What does Thornbury mean by 'letting the grammar out'?
Accuracy is sometimes a requirement due to the ______ of the message.
Accuracy is sometimes a requirement due to the ______ of the message.
Match the following aspects of Dogme ELT with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of Dogme ELT with their descriptions:
What is the main criticism of the fluency-focused approaches in language teaching?
What is the main criticism of the fluency-focused approaches in language teaching?
Dogme advocates for the complete abandonment of all course materials.
Dogme advocates for the complete abandonment of all course materials.
What is the role of the teacher in a Dogme classroom?
What is the role of the teacher in a Dogme classroom?
Thornbury's vow of chastity reflects a desire to return to the ______ aspects of teaching.
Thornbury's vow of chastity reflects a desire to return to the ______ aspects of teaching.
Match the following proponents with their contributions to language teaching:
Match the following proponents with their contributions to language teaching:
Flashcards
L1 avoidance
L1 avoidance
The principle that learners should focus on the target language and avoid using their native language (L1) as a crutch.
Delayed correction
Delayed correction
Allowing learners to make mistakes during a task, then correcting them at the end. This reduces interruptions and provides diagnostic feedback for the teacher.
Pair work
Pair work
Encouraging learners to work together in pairs, maximizing student talk and fostering independence.
Comprehension questions
Comprehension questions
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Reading for gist
Reading for gist
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Student-student correction
Student-student correction
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Language elicitation
Language elicitation
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Evolution of language teaching methods
Evolution of language teaching methods
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Monastery Tradition
Monastery Tradition
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Marketplace Tradition
Marketplace Tradition
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Grammar Translation Method
Grammar Translation Method
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Contrived Marker Sentences
Contrived Marker Sentences
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Synthetic Syllabus
Synthetic Syllabus
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Contrastive Analysis
Contrastive Analysis
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The Direct Method
The Direct Method
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Emphasis on Speaking
Emphasis on Speaking
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Translation in Language Teaching
Translation in Language Teaching
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Audiolingualism
Audiolingualism
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The Natural Approach
The Natural Approach
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The Communicative Approach
The Communicative Approach
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Evolution of Language Teaching
Evolution of Language Teaching
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Nineteenth century
Nineteenth century
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Sequence of Language Teaching Methodology
Sequence of Language Teaching Methodology
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Universal Grammar (UG)
Universal Grammar (UG)
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Language Acquisition
Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Language Acquisition
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Behaviorist Theory of Language Acquisition
Behaviorist Theory of Language Acquisition
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First Language Acquisition (L1)
First Language Acquisition (L1)
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Second Language Acquisition (L2)
Second Language Acquisition (L2)
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Theories of First Language Acquisition
Theories of First Language Acquisition
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Language is innate but embedded in other cognitive abilities.
Language is innate but embedded in other cognitive abilities.
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Grammar Translation
Grammar Translation
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Language acquisition
Language acquisition
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Behaviorism
Behaviorism
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Nativism
Nativism
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Question-and-Answer sessions
Question-and-Answer sessions
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Repetition Drills
Repetition Drills
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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
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Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
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Features of Direct Method
Features of Direct Method
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Audiolingual Method
Audiolingual Method
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Behaviorism in Language Acquisition
Behaviorism in Language Acquisition
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Controlled Language Practice
Controlled Language Practice
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Audio-Oral Drills
Audio-Oral Drills
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Pattern Practice
Pattern Practice
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The Listening Approach
The Listening Approach
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Silent Period
Silent Period
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Natural Order Hypothesis
Natural Order Hypothesis
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Input Hypothesis
Input Hypothesis
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Affective Filter Hypothesis
Affective Filter Hypothesis
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Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
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The Monitor
The Monitor
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Humanistic Approaches
Humanistic Approaches
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Shift in Teaching
Shift in Teaching
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Stephen Krashen
Stephen Krashen
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Communicative Approach
Communicative Approach
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Behaviorist Theory
Behaviorist Theory
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Complex Language Description
Complex Language Description
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Notions
Notions
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Functions
Functions
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Theories of Language Acquisition
Theories of Language Acquisition
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory
Cognitive-Developmental Theory
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Direct Method
Direct Method
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Suggestopaedia
Suggestopaedia
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Total Physical Response
Total Physical Response
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The Silent Way
The Silent Way
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Lexical Approach
Lexical Approach
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Learner-centeredness
Learner-centeredness
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Focus on Fluency
Focus on Fluency
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Fun Activities
Fun Activities
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Meaningful Language Use
Meaningful Language Use
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Task-Based Learning (TBL)
Task-Based Learning (TBL)
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Strong TBL
Strong TBL
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Moderate TBL
Moderate TBL
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TBL and its link to the Communicative Approach
TBL and its link to the Communicative Approach
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Bangalore Project
Bangalore Project
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TBL with Demonstration
TBL with Demonstration
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Variations of TBL
Variations of TBL
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Contemporary TBL
Contemporary TBL
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Natural Approach
Natural Approach
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Community Language Learning (CLL)
Community Language Learning (CLL)
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Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
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Grammar as a Process or Grammaring
Grammar as a Process or Grammaring
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Dogme ELT
Dogme ELT
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Dictogloss
Dictogloss
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The Distance Delta
The Distance Delta
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Uncovering Grammar
Uncovering Grammar
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Fluency-driven
Fluency-driven
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Conversation-driven
Conversation-driven
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Emergent Language
Emergent Language
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Task-Based Language Teaching
Task-Based Language Teaching
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Learner-centered
Learner-centered
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Principled Eclecticism
Principled Eclecticism
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Post-Communicative Era
Post-Communicative Era
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Cultural Sensitivity in Language Teaching
Cultural Sensitivity in Language Teaching
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Magpie Approach
Magpie Approach
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Confused Scene in Language Teaching
Confused Scene in Language Teaching
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Principled Choices in Language Teaching
Principled Choices in Language Teaching
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History of Language Teaching Methods
History of Language Teaching Methods
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Adapting to Diversity in Language Learning
Adapting to Diversity in Language Learning
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Flipped Classroom
Flipped Classroom
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Demand High Teaching
Demand High Teaching
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Flip Teaching
Flip Teaching
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Total Physical Response (TPR)
Total Physical Response (TPR)
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Study Notes
Classroom Methodologies
- Teachers often instruct students to avoid using their first language (L1) during lessons to prevent interruption of second language (L2) acquisition.
- Pair work maximizes student interaction and independence.
- Delayed correction, implemented at the end of tasks, prevents interruption, allows mistakes, and provides diagnostic information.
- Pre-set comprehension questions stimulate interest and activate prior knowledge.
- Encouraging gist-based reading (focus on the main idea) reduces anxiety and promotes comprehension.
- Student-student correction enhances interaction and teamwork.
- Eliciting language from students maximizes talk time, promotes thinking, and assists in assessing knowledge.
- All classroom practices, even straightforward ones, stem from underlying pedagogical principles, including potentially implicit misconceptions.
History of Language Teaching
- Language teaching methods have not developed in a linear, sequential progression.
- Existing methods sometimes coexist and dominate in specific regions.
- Historical perspectives on language teaching vary based on national contexts.
- The simplified narrative of language teaching evolving from academic to more practical forms is an oversimplification.
- Initial language teaching was heavily influenced by classical languages (Greek, Latin), emphasizing grammar.
- Concurrently, a "marketplace tradition," centered on language learning for trade, existed alongside the "monastery tradition," exemplified by texts like Jacques Bellot's "Familiar Dialogues" (1586).
- Systematic study of language teaching methods began in the 19th century.
- While simplified historical outlines of major UK language teaching periods exist, diverse methods abound.
Grammar Translation Method
- This 19th-century method drew inspiration from classical language teaching.
- Grammar Translation heavily emphasizes grammar and translation between languages.
- Materials frequently involved numbered sentences with grammar examples and direct translations in the first language (L1).
- The method is deductive (rules before examples).
- Contextual elements in language examples are sometimes neglected.
- Despite criticism for unnatural language use and lack of communication focus, the method remains prevalent.
- Modern applications might integrate translation to facilitate L1 comprehension and contrast grammatical structures.
Direct Method
- Two key hallmarks: teaching exclusively in the target language and prioritizing spoken language.
- This method emerged as a reaction against Grammar Translation.
- Method pioneers emphasized oral communication through repetition, Q&A, and storytelling.
- Pronunciation and phonetic alphabets were prominent aspects.
- Still used in certain language schools today.
- While more practical, initial contexts (e.g., "Is this a pen?") were somewhat unrealistic.
- Direct Method principles incorporate repetition drills and align with communicative methods.
Research into Second Language Acquisition
- Behaviourists (Skinner) attribute language acquisition to imitation, repetition, and reinforcement.
- Innatists (Chomsky) posit an inborn Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
- Cognitive-developmentalists (Piaget, Vygotsky) link language development to cognitive growth.
- These theories, initially describing first language acquisition, influence second language learning.
Audiolingualism
- Audiolingualism, born in the 1950s US, stemmed from the exigencies of World War II.
- This approach was initially implemented in the US Army as an intensive language training program.
- It grounded itself in behaviourist principles, emphasizing habit formation.
- Contrastive linguistic analysis was integral to predict and target potential errors.
- Audiolingualism, influenced by structural linguistics, prioritized grammar/structure as organization.
- Popular until Chomsky's critique, it experienced a lull until the 1980s.
The Natural Approach and Listening Approach
- Key proponent: Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen.
- Published Krashen's "The Natural Approach" in 1983.
- This approach emphasizes the 'acquisition-learning' continuum for language learning.
- Emphasizes context and learning complexity in line with humanistic approaches.
- The Natural Order Hypothesis posits a predictable structure acquisition order.
- The Monitor Hypothesis outlines how learners utilize a ‘monitor’ for accuracy or fluency.
- The Input Hypothesis highlights the benefits of input slightly above learner ability.
- The Affective Filter Hypothesis accentuates the role of positive learner attitude.
- The concept of the "silent period" is important, facilitating learner-led speech development.
- The Listening Approach is a Krashen-based technique using comprehension input.
The Communicative Approach (CLT)
- CLT lacks a single definition due to numerous variations.
- It reflects a cognitive-mentalist perspective on language acquisition differing from behaviourist views that emphasize imitation and habit formation.
- Advocates vary on whether to focus explicitly on form or to focus mainly on meaning.
- CLT evolved as a reaction to the perceived limitations of Audiolingualism.
- The communicative approach prioritizes authentic language use for interaction, rather than accuracy.
- The Council of Europe, influenced by learner needs, identified notions (topics) and functions (communication tasks) to organize language teaching.
- This approach is also known as Notional-Functional.
- Defining language via structures, functions, and notions is a core element.
- The communicative approach emphasises learner-centeredness, fluency over accuracy, and promotes effective pair/group work in a fun learning environment.
Humanistic Approaches
- This group encompasses methods encompassing:
- Suggestopedia/Desuggestopedia
- Total Physical Response (TPR)
- The Silent Way
- Community Language Learning (CLL)
- Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
Task-Based Learning (TBL)
- TBL, popularized in the last 30 years, shifts learning from teacher-oriented instruction to learner tasks.
- Focus shifts from specific language target to successful task completion.
- Learners primarily engage through tasks with opportunities for learner-driven language focus at the end of the task.
- Recorded (or live) demonstrations of native speakers doing tasks can be utilized.
- Offers flexibility with language focus and learner-driven input.
- Coursebooks can incorporate TBL features.
The Lexical Approach
- A recent, significant methodology linked to Michael Lewis.
- Focuses on language categorization rather than teaching methodology.
- Compatible with the Communicative Approach, focusing on a new language view.
- Key principle: Language consists of grammaticalized lexis, not lexicalized grammar.
- Activities, exercises, and interactions remain communicative-based, learner-centered, and exploratory.
Grammar as a Process or Grammaring
- Attitudes toward grammar have been revised in recent decades.
- Batstone (1994) and Larsen-Freeman (2003) highlight grammar as a dynamic process ("grammering").
- Grammar lessons shift from declarative (knowing systems) to procedural (using language meaningfully).
- Grammaring, viewed as the "fifth skill," involves accurate, meaningful, and appropriate use of grammatical structures.
- Real-world situations influence grammatical development mirroring first language acquisition.
- Examples like "All gone milk" progressing to "All my milk's gone" demonstrate this development.
- Classroom applications include text reconstruction, dictogloss, and teacher-upgrading of student language.
- Dictogloss involves students collaboratively reconstructing a text they hear, comparing it to the original to identify grammatical gaps.
- Thornbury emphasizes uncovering grammar within a message, rather than covering a syllabus.
Dogme
- Based on the Danish film movement DOGME 95, advocating for "bare essentials" in ELT; reducing materials and technology.
- Focuses on conversation as fundamental communication.
- Dogme classes are learner-centered, using teacher techniques like recasting and scaffolding to address emergent language.
- It avoids prescriptive syllabi, responding directly to learner needs.
- Often accused of advocating "burning coursebooks," proponents seek to reduce coursebook dependence.
Flipped Classroom or Flip Teaching
- A blended learning model moving instruction to home (e.g., video lectures) and homework to the classroom.
- Students work independently at their own pace, then the classroom acts as a feedback/interaction/clarification/collaborative environment.
- Offers: more individualized attention, teacher information sharing, catching up on missed lessons, collaborative learning, and instant feedback.
- Critics cite potential limitations in communicative approaches and a return to a teacher-centered model.
- ELT application requires teacher flexibility in communicative activities and managing more individual student needs.
Demand High Teaching
- Emphasizes learners' hidden potential and challenges them strategically to foster deeper learning, based on existing practices.
- Avoids overly difficult tasks ("un-doable demand") and targets tasks ("doable demand") that encourage progress.
- Still emerging; but highly regarded.
Principled Eclecticism
- Teachers now eclectically blend techniques from various approaches.
- Choices are made thoughtfully, understanding their benefit to the learners.
- This approach is also called the 'Magpie Approach'.
- Increasing global awareness and diverse educational cultures emphasize the need for adaptable teaching approaches.
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Test your knowledge on various language teaching methodologies and theories. This quiz covers key concepts such as Universal Grammar, the Language Acquisition Device, and the role of errors in language learning. Ideal for educators and students interested in language education.
