DEV2004 Chapter 5 Middle Childhood

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical weight gain for children during middle and late childhood?

5-7 pounds a year (correct)

2-4 pounds a year

8-10 pounds a year

3-5 pounds a year

At what mean age do girls typically begin their growth spurt compared to boys?

10 years for girls and 12 years for boys

9 years for girls and 11 years for boys (correct)

8 years for girls and 10 years for boys

12 years for girls and 11 years for boys

Which skill is generally mastered more by boys during middle and late childhood?

Fine motor skills

Problem-solving skills

Language skills

Gross motor skills (correct)

What significant changes in the brain occur during middle and late childhood?

Two major brain growth spurts Signup and view all the answers

How does peer acceptance influence children during middle and late childhood?

It influences their perception of self and emotional development Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of physical growth rates during middle and late childhood?

Growth rates generally slow down Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically refine their gross and fine motor skills in middle and late childhood?

Through brain growth and increased experience Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the physical abilities of children in middle and late childhood?

They possess increased muscle strength and lung capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that contributes to the development of the frontal lobes between the ages of 10 and 12?

Myelination Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for transferring information from short-term to long-term memory?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What effect does maturation of the prefrontal cortex have on children?

It improves paying attention. Signup and view all the answers

What has been linked to children's participation in organized sports?

Higher quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What was identified as a major reason for children dropping out of organized sports?

Loss of fun Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor was found to affect sports participation among children?

Location and ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

According to the U.S. Soccer Federation's advice, what should coaches reduce during practices?

Physical drills Signup and view all the answers

In studies on children’s sports participation, which group was found to have participated at lower rates?

Minority children Signup and view all the answers

Why is myelination considered important during the ages of 6 to 12?

It increases reaction time and processing speed. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor was indicated as a potential contributor to children's attrition from sports?

Lack of training for coaches Signup and view all the answers

What executive functioning skill is particularly impacted in overweight children?

Impulse control Signup and view all the answers

At what percentile do parents in the UK typically recognize their children as obese?

99.7th percentile Signup and view all the answers

Which population is less likely to correctly identify their overweight status?

Overweight children Signup and view all the answers

What type of interventions are recommended to help overweight children?

Family-based, multicomponent behavioral interventions Signup and view all the answers

Which health problems are particularly associated with obesity in children?

Orthopedic issues and diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk when parents misperceive their child's weight?

Ineffective weight management interventions Signup and view all the answers

How can parents assist their overweight children according to research?

By supporting without shame and helping make food choices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about physical activity in relation to cognitive functioning?

Exercise can improve cognitive functioning in overweight children Signup and view all the answers

What factor lowered the frequency of weight misperception in children?

Higher socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to weight management is cautioned against to prevent negative outcomes?

Emphasizing diet alone Signup and view all the answers

What is the drop-out rate for children when coaches receive proper training?

5% Signup and view all the answers

Which reason had the highest percentage for girls not participating in sports?

I was not having fun Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children aged 5 to 16 equate playing computer games with friends as exercise?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely risk associated with specializing in one sport according to research?

Increased chances of injury Signup and view all the answers

Which state meets the minimum physical education guidelines for elementary school students?

Oregon Signup and view all the answers

What is the Body Mass Index (BMI) used for in children?

To determine excess weight Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of 2-5 year-olds were reported as obese in 2015-2016?

13.9% Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive issue is NOT linked to childhood obesity?

Improved decision making Signup and view all the answers

What kind of diet has been shown to promote relational memory skills in children?

Rich in omega-3 fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What did research find about the blood-brain barrier related to processed sugars?

It can be weakened by large amounts of processed sugars Signup and view all the answers

What key difference in language development is observed between younger children and those in middle to late childhood?

Older children learn new words through association with known words. Signup and view all the answers

How do older children typically categorize the word 'pizza' in contrast to younger children?

As food. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common fluency disorder in children that involves repeating sounds or words?

Stuttering Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of articulation disorders in children?

Inability to consistently produce speech sounds correctly. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children is reported to have notable speech disorders by first grade?

5% Signup and view all the answers

At what age should parents seek help if a child is still having trouble producing certain sounds?

Age six Signup and view all the answers

What is developmental stuttering primarily associated with?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by issues with pitch, loudness, and quality of speech?

Voice disorder Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of vocabulary development is particularly noted in older children?

Ability to enjoy and tell jokes involving wordplay. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fluency disorders in children is true?

They can manifest as rapid speech. Signup and view all the answers

What age range is typically associated with Piaget's concrete operational stage?

7 to 11 years Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skill allows children in the concrete operational stage to understand that the mass of an object remains unchanged despite rearrangement?

Conservation Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning do concrete operational children primarily use?

Inductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a concept that concrete operational children can understand?

Understanding cause and effect Signup and view all the answers

Which ability allows concrete operational children to organize objects into classes and subclasses?

Classification Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of problem-solving for concrete operational children?

They need direct experience to solve physical-world problems. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive development limits concrete operational children in terms of scientific thinking?

Their capacity for abstract and systematic thinking. Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the concept of conservation in concrete operational children?

A child understanding that broken chalk is still chalk. Signup and view all the answers

How does the cognitive capability of children change from early childhood to middle childhood according to Piaget?

Thought processes become more logical and organized. Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the concrete operational stage related to logic?

Children struggle with hypothetical and abstract problem-solving. Signup and view all the answers

What is one component identified as important for creativity?

Expertise Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence is primarily concerned with understanding others and social interactions?

Interpersonal Signup and view all the answers

How is practical intelligence different from traditional measures of intelligence?

It relies on common sense and life experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of Howard Gardner’s intelligences involves the ability to manipulate one’s body for physical tasks?

Kinesthetic Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of people with high imaginative thinking skills?

They view problems in new and different ways. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following intelligences involves the ability to discern patterns in nature?

Naturalistic Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of creativity do researchers believe is supported by others working on similar projects?

Creative Environments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not typically associated with practical intelligence?

Gaining knowledge from formal education Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of intrinsic interest in creativity?

It motivates individuals to pursue projects out of passion. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of Gardner's linguistic intelligence?

Writing a compelling story Signup and view all the answers

What is a production deficiency in children’s use of memory strategies?

Children know a strategy but do not apply it independently. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a utilization deficiency in children's memory strategies?

Children use an appropriate strategy but see no improvement. Signup and view all the answers

How does metacognition develop in children during middle and late childhood?

Children gain a better understanding of their task performance. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect improves in children's cognitive function during middle and late childhood?

Capacity of working memory Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant factor contributing to children's improved learning in middle and late childhood?

An expanding knowledge base that facilitates learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is NOT part of critical thinking as outlined by Ennis?

Classifying objects based on their characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

How does processing speed contribute to working memory efficiency?

It enhances the ability to ignore irrelevant information. Signup and view all the answers

What does the ‘all-or-nothing’ principle refer to in learning new memory strategies?

Improvement in strategy use can be abrupt after age eight. Signup and view all the answers

What might a child with poor working memory struggle with during multi-step tasks?

Keeping track of their progress in completing steps Signup and view all the answers

In what way does vocabulary development influence children's classification of objects?

Acquiring vocabulary enables children to classify objects in diverse ways. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common strategy to help children with poor working memory?

Chunking information into smaller parts Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does a marked improvement in selective attention typically occur?

From age six to adolescence Signup and view all the answers

How can metacognition improve critical thinking skills?

By allowing reflection on learned information. Signup and view all the answers

Which memory strategy is characterized by organizing information for recall?

Visualizing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between memory strategies and performance in early learning?

Children using new strategies may experience worse performance initially. Signup and view all the answers

What does the progression of memory strategy usage in children demonstrate?

Increased frequency of strategy use with age Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome for children who utilize more memory strategies?

They will show better memory performance than peers. Signup and view all the answers

Why might younger children struggle with shifting attention between tasks?

They may have difficulty suppressing prior rules. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the deficiencies children may experience in their use of memory strategies?

Inability to engage in visualizing techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is the General Intelligence Factor (g) believed to relate to?

Abstract thinking and knowledge acquisition Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist is known for proposing the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg Signup and view all the answers

What type of factors can contribute to voice quality issues in children?

Structural, functional, and psychological factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding specific intelligence (s)?

Different items on intelligence tests can form clusters of intelligences Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of Binet and Simon in developing their intelligence test?

To identify children who might struggle with regular education Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the existence of the General Intelligence Factor (g)?

Positive correlation among various intelligence test questions Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of intelligence is typically not assessed by conventional intelligence tests, according to Sternberg?

Creative intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence does the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test primarily measure?

General intelligence with diverse tasks Signup and view all the answers

According to common theories, a higher general intelligence is associated with which of the following?

Quicker learning and adaptation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes one of Binet and Simon's findings?

Success on one type of test item predicted success on others Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physical feature associated with Down syndrome?

Flat nose Signup and view all the answers

How does maternal age impact the incidence of Down syndrome?

It increases the risk Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding in Terman's study of gifted children?

They were above average in physical health Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Terman's gifted students earned law degrees?

6% Signup and view all the answers

What is the controversy surrounding labeling children as 'gifted and talented'?

It could isolate gifted children from their peers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about children with high IQs based on recent studies?

They participate in graduate school at a higher rate Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

Legal protection for individuals with disabilities Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective does the ecological systems model focus on to understand a child?

Contextual influences and interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible challenge faced by gifted children, despite their intelligence?

Adjustment problems with social relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of giftedness might a child demonstrate?

Various talents, including arts and leadership Signup and view all the answers

What does the WAIS-IV primarily assess?

Different domains of intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which score is often considered the threshold for giftedness in IQ tests?

130 Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of intelligence has been criticized for cultural bias since the 1970s?

Definitions of intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is estimated to have an intellectual developmental disorder?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Which group is generally more represented at both ends of the IQ distribution?

Males Signup and view all the answers

How is the severity of an intellectual disability assessed?

Through cognitive capacity and adaptive functioning Signup and view all the answers

What correlation does WAIS-IV have with academic and life success criteria?

High correlation Signup and view all the answers

What is the general pattern of IQ score distribution in the population?

Normal distribution Signup and view all the answers

Why might individuals with low IQ be considered vulnerable?

They may lack awareness of their surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of intelligence tests is often overlooked in cultural contexts?

Cultural definitions of smartness Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of intelligence tests?

To evaluate a person's general intelligence factor, known as 'g' Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is indicated by the Flynn effect?

An increase in average IQ scores in populations over time Signup and view all the answers

How is IQ traditionally calculated?

Using the formula: (mental age ÷ chronological age) × 100 Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to regularly standardize intelligence tests?

Because intelligence levels in populations can change over time Signup and view all the answers

Which intelligence test is most commonly used for adults?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Signup and view all the answers

What correlation exists among the multiple intelligences as described?

They are correlated and partly represent 'g' Signup and view all the answers

What has been a major contributor to the Flynn effect?

Increased access to nutrition and information Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a mental age calculation in intelligence testing?

A 10-year-old with an average score of a 12-year-old has a mental age of 12 Signup and view all the answers

What does the Wechsler Scales focus on in intelligence testing?

Relative position of an individual's score among peers Signup and view all the answers

What has recent research indicated about the Flynn effect?

It has reversed in several countries Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Middle and Late Childhood

Ages 6 to 11, bridging early childhood and adolescence.
Notable physical growth, including mastery of gross and fine motor skills.
Enhanced reasoning, flexibility in thought, and emotional development influenced by peer relationships.

Physical Development

Growth rate slows; children typically gain 5-7 pounds and 2-3 inches annually.
Muscle strength, lung capacity, and participation in strenuous activities increase.
Growth spurt begins earlier for females at age nine and for males at eleven.
Major improvements in gross motor skills (larger muscles) seen in boys, while girls excel in fine motor skills (smaller muscles).

Brain Development

Two significant brain growth spurts occur; from ages 6-8 and 10-12 with improvements in logic, planning, and memory.
Myelination of nerve cells enhances information processing speed and reaction time.
The hippocampus matures, improving memory functioning and emotional regulation.
Enhanced attention attributed to prefrontal cortex maturation.

Sports and Physical Activities

Approximately 3 million children participate in soccer in the U.S.
Organized sports support physical and emotional development and improve academic performance.
Factors such as gender, location, and socioeconomic status can limit sports participation.
High dropout rates in sports, often due to a lack of fun; training for coaches linked to lower dropout rates.

Gender Disparities in Sports

Girls less likely to participate in sports compared to boys; fathers typically provide more support for sons.
Ethnic and socioeconomic factors influence sports engagement, with Caucasian children participating at higher rates.

Rise of Esports and Gaming

Esports involve competitive video gaming, with many children considering it a form of exercise.
Decreased participation in traditional sports among youth, potentially linked to specialization in single sports increasing injury risk.

Childhood Obesity

Increase in obesity due to lower participation in physical activities and education.
BMI threshold: Above the 85th percentile considered overweight; 13.9% of 2-5 year-olds and 18.4% of 6-11 year-olds were classified as obese in 2015-2016.
Obesity impacts cognitive functions, executive functioning, and mental flexibility.
Lack of parental recognition of children's overweight status can hinder intervention efforts.

Cognitive Development

Cognitive skills evolve, transitioning from Piaget's preoperational to concrete operational stage from ages 7-11.
Children develop logical principles necessary to solve real-world problems and grasp concepts of classification and identity.
Children understand conservation—the amount remains constant despite changes in form.

Memory and Attention

Capacity of working memory increases; changes in processing speed and the inhibition of irrelevant information enhance memory efficiency.
Selective attention sharpens, enabling improved focus on relevant information while ignoring distractions.### Child Development and Attention
Younger children struggle to shift attention between different sorting rules, while older children show greater flexibility.
Improvements in attention and working memory lead children to develop strategic approaches to tasks.

Memory Strategies

Younger children use fewer memory strategies, which increase during elementary school.
Common strategies include rehearsal, visualization, organizing information, creating rhymes, and acronyms.
Research indicates a steady increase in strategy use from ages six to ten.
Children who employ more strategies exhibit better memory performance.
Memory strategy deficiencies include mediation, production, and utilization deficiencies, impacting recall and learning efficiency.

Knowledge Base and Metacognition

As children gain experiences and knowledge, they develop efficient strategies for learning and storing information.
Metacognition, or self-awareness about one's learning performance, enables children to adapt study strategies.
Older children learn to prioritize important aspects of tasks, enhancing understanding and decision-making.

Critical Thinking

Debate exists over whether education should emphasize "what" to think or "how" to think.
Critical thinking entails evaluating beliefs, analyzing arguments, and making informed decisions.
Key skills include analyzing information, judging credibility, and considering multiple solutions.

Language Development

By fifth grade, children's vocabulary expands to about 40,000 words, surpassing early childhood growth.
Older children categorize objects in more abstract ways, demonstrating enhanced cognitive complexity.
Older children appreciate humor and understand wordplay, unlike younger children who favor literal jokes.

Grammar and Communication Disorders

By age five, children should communicate intelligibly; significant speech disorders affect about 5% of children by first grade.
Common communication disorders include fluency disorders (e.g., stuttering), articulation disorders (incorrect speech sound production), and voice disorders (pitch, loudness issues).
Stuttering often resolves by age five, but persists in about 25% of cases.

Theories of Intelligence

Psychologists debate the nature of intelligence, including types, nature vs. nurture contributions, and cognitive representation.
Binet and Simon created the first intelligence test to identify students needing educational support, leading to the development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
The General Intelligence Factor (g) correlates with various cognitive abilities, while specific intelligences (s) may exist.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory consisting of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
Creativity is distinct from analytical intelligence and is linked to divergent thinking.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Howard Gardner suggested eight distinct intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
The theory promotes diverse teaching methods catering to individual student strengths.
Criticism exists around defining these intelligences versus abilities or talents.

Measuring Intelligence

Intelligence tests aim to measure g and should be reliable and valid.
Standardization ensures tests are regularly adapted to reflect changes in population intelligence, known as the Flynn effect.
On average, IQ increases by about 3 points every decade, attributed to factors like improved nutrition and information access.### Flynn Effect and IQ Testing
Reversal of the Flynn effect observed in several nations, indicating a decline in IQ scores, while some countries still show increases.
IQ is calculated with the formula: (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100.
Example: A 10-year-old scoring average has an IQ of 100; an 8-year-old scoring at the average level of a 10-year-old has an IQ of 125.

Wechsler Scales

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is widely used for adults, with the current version (WAIS-IV) standardized on 2,200 participants aged 16 to 90.
WAIS-IV consists of 15 tasks assessing various intelligence areas such as memory and spatial ability.
Yields scores across four domains: verbal, perceptual, working memory, processing speed.
The test exhibits high reliability (>0.95) and significant construct validity, correlating well with other IQ tests and measures of life success.

Cultural Bias in Intelligence Testing

Intelligence tests criticized for cultural bias favoring Anglo-American middle-class norms.
Concepts of intelligence vary across cultures; speed of response may reflect intelligence in some cultures, while thorough consideration may be valued in others.

Extremes of Intelligence

IQ distribution follows a normal distribution; most scores cluster around the average (IQ = 100).
About 2% of individuals score above 130 (gifted threshold) and below 70 (intellectual disability threshold).
Sex differences: Men's IQ distribution is more spread out, resulting in a higher proportion at both high and low ends of the spectrum.

Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability is evaluated based on IQ and adaptive functioning in everyday tasks.
Approximately 1% of the U.S. population meets criteria for intellectual developmental disorder.
Causes include Down syndrome, occurring in approximately 1 per 700 births, with prevalence increasing with maternal age.
Societal attitudes have shifted, with laws preventing discrimination and promoting inclusion.

Giftedness

Individuals with an IQ of 130 or higher are classified as gifted.
Historical studies (Terman) show gifted individuals are often above average in health and social relationships, and pursue advanced professional degrees at higher rates than the general population.
Giftedness manifests in various domains, including academic, artistic, and athletic skills.

Educational Influence

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model emphasizes the multiple influences on a child's experience in school, including parental and cultural factors.
Gender stereotypes from parents and teachers can affect children's self-efficacy and performance in specific subjects (e.g., reading vs. math).
Children are likely to mimic the expectations set by adults, influencing their actual performance and self-belief in those areas.

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Description

This quiz explores the unique language explosion that occurs in middle to late childhood. It examines how children associate new words with existing knowledge and develop a more nuanced understanding of meanings. Test your knowledge on this critical phase of language acquisition.