Language Development in Children Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the key functions of language?

  • Emotional Expression
  • Information Exchange (correct)
  • Memory Retention
  • Physical Coordination

What evidence supports the idea that the capacity for language is innate?

  • Limited language input for children
  • Social learning through mimicking
  • Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas in the brain (correct)
  • Reinforcement of language skills

What features define a true language?

  • Arbitrary symbols with meaning and organized by rules (correct)
  • Random symbols with varied meanings
  • Fixed symbols without meaning and no rules
  • Instinctive symbols without organization

Briefly explain the interactionist hypothesis of language development.

<p>Language development is influenced by both biological maturation and environmental input (C)</p>
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What are the five spiritual/religious orientations among grade 11 & 12 students?

<p>Spiritual/irreligious, Disconnected wonderers, High institutional &amp; personal, Primarily personal, Meditators (A)</p>
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What is the main difference between Elkind’s and Fowler’s stages of spiritual development/faith formation?

<p>Elkind's stages focus on age-related development, while Fowler's stages focus on different stages of faith (A)</p>
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What characterizes Elkind’s 'Personal Connection' stage of faith development?

<p>A sense that they can relate to God one-to-one (C)</p>
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What is the main outcome for teens of developing an active spirituality and/or being actively part of a religion?

<p>Support, sense of belonging, guidance, coping, resilience, and meaning (C)</p>
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What are the major strategies and challenges in studying perceptual development in children?

<p>Identifying genetic influences and environmental interactions (D)</p>
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What are the basic perceptual capacities of newborns?

<p>Ability to see in depth, focus, and track moving objects (B)</p>
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What are the major concepts in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

<p>Assimilation, accommodation, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational (C)</p>
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What are the major concepts in Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?

<p>Zone of proximal development, scaffolding, cultural tools, social interaction (C)</p>
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What does creativity in children look like?

<p>Originality, flexibility, fluency, elaboration, and problem-solving (A)</p>
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What is the virtue that adolescents should develop according to Erik Erikson?

<p>Fidelity (A)</p>
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At what stage of moral development do individuals make judgments based on tangible punitive or rewarding consequences of an act?

<p>Stage 1: Obedience Orientation (A)</p>
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What is one of the critiques of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

<p>It reflects a western ideal of justice (B)</p>
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According to Carol Gilligan, what is one of the biases in Kohlberg's theory?

<p>It is biased against women (B)</p>
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What did Carol Gilligan propose as an alternative to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

<p>Theory of Moral Care (C)</p>
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What did research show about the relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior?

<p>Moral reasoning does not predict moral behavior accurately (A)</p>
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At what stage of moral reasoning are individuals more likely to act in a morally principled manner?

<p>Postconventional (B)</p>
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When given the opportunity to cheat, what percentage of university students who employed postconventional moral reasoning cheated?

<p>15% (D)</p>
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At what stage of moral development do most adults settle?

<p>Stage 4: Social System morality (D)</p>
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At what stage of moral development are moral judgments based on a desire to gain approval or to uphold laws that maintain social order?

<p>Stage 3: Interpersonal norms (A)</p>
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What is the goal of adolescence according to Erik Erikson?

<p>To develop a sense of identity (A)</p>
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What is the ability that adolescents should develop according to Erik Erikson?

<p>Fidelity (A)</p>
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At what age do more complex emotions such as guilt, embarrassment, and pride become evident?

<p>Around 2 years of age (A)</p>
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Why did developmental psychologists move away from Chess and Thomas’ three basic patterns of temperament?

<p>Due to the advantages of a more comprehensive description (D)</p>
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What does the concept of 'goodness of fit' refer to in child development?

<p>The match between a child’s temperament and their environment (B)</p>
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What did Tronick’s “Still Face” experiment demonstrate about infants?

<p>Infants rely on emotional connection and responsiveness from caregivers for healthy emotional development (A)</p>
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What major systems govern and help regulate emotions?

<p>Behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition (A)</p>
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At what age does empathy emerge spontaneously?

<p>Around 2 years of age (D)</p>
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What is attachment in child development more than?

<p>Bonding with the person who feeds you (A)</p>
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What does having a secure attachment figure enable a child to do?

<p>Use them as a secure base for exploration (B)</p>
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What is the Strange Situation an informative measure of in child development?

<p>A child’s attachment to a caregiver (C)</p>
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What influences the quality of parenting and childcare in relation to children's secure attachments?

<p>The quality of parenting and childcare (C)</p>
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What does phonology involve?

<p>The set of sounds used in a language (D)</p>
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What does syntax involve?

<p>The rules guiding word combinations (C)</p>
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What is the universal sequence of language acquisition?

<p>Producing sounds, cooing, and babbling before understanding turn-taking and using preverbal gestures (B)</p>
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When does language comprehension develop in children?

<p>Before expressive language (D)</p>
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How do children learn new words through fast mapping?

<p>By associating a new word with its referent after a single exposure (D)</p>
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What are some errors children may make during the holophrastic phase?

<p>Overextension and underextension (A)</p>
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How can more knowledgeable others support language development in children?

<p>Through turn-taking, modeling, and engaging in conversation (C)</p>
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What is the impact of learning multiple languages on vocabulary?

<p>Initially slows acquisition and limits vocabulary, but ultimately provides cognitive and sociocultural benefits (D)</p>
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When is early exposure to languages important for retaining phonemic distinctions?

<p>Before puberty (C)</p>
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What do cochlear implants provide access to?

<p>The speaking/hearing world (A)</p>
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What do deaf individuals advocate for in terms of access?

<p>Good access to both sign and speech (D)</p>
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How can emotional and self-concept development be assessed?

<p>By responding to the questions at the end of each module in the study material (A)</p>
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Flashcards

Key function of language

Exchanging information between individuals.

Evidence for innate language capacity

Areas in the brain (Broca's & Wernicke's) suggest an innate capacity.

Features of a true language

Uses arbitrary symbols with meaning, organized by rules.

Interactionist hypothesis

Language is from biology and environment.

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Outcome of active spirituality

Support, belonging, guidance, coping, resilience, meaning.

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Studying perceptual development

Genetic influences and environmental interactions.

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Newborn perceptual capacities

Ability to see in depth, focus, and track.

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Piaget's theory concepts

Assimilation, accommodation, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

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Vygotsky’s theory concepts

Zone of proximal development, scaffolding, cultural tools, social interaction.

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Creativity in children

Originality, flexibility, fluency, elaboration, problem-solving.

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Adolescent virtue (Erikson)

Fidelity.

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Stage 1: Obedience Orientation

Judgments based on tangible consequences.

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Moral reasoning vs. behavior

Moral reasoning doesn't predict real behavior.

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Moral development stage (adults)

Stage 4: Social System morality

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Stage 3: Interpersonal norms

Gain approval or follow social order.

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Erikson's goal of adolescence

To develop a sense of identity.

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Adolescent ability

Fidelity

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When guilt, pride become evident

Around 2 years of age.

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'Goodness of fit' refers to

Match between temperament and environment.

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Tronick’s 'Still Face' experiment

Infants need emotional connection from caregivers.

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Systems that regulate emotions

Behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition.

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When does empathy emerge?

Around 2 years of age.

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Attachment in child development

Bonding with the person who feeds you

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Secure attachment figure enables

Use them as a secure base for exploration

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Strange Situation tests

A child’s attachment to a caregiver.

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Influences secure attachments

The quality of parenting and childcare.

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Phonology involves

The set of sounds used in a language.

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Syntax involves

the rules guiding word combinations

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Universal sequence of language acquisition

Producing sounds, cooing, and babbling before understanding turn-taking and using preverbal gestures.

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Fast mapping

By associating a new word with its referent after a single exposure

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Study Notes

Language Development in Children

  • Phonology involves the set of sounds used in a language, while morphology involves the meaningful combinations of these sounds.
  • Semantics deals with meaningful units such as words and phrases, syntax involves the rules guiding word combinations, and pragmatics includes sociolinguistic knowledge and nonverbal signals.
  • The universal sequence of language acquisition starts with prelingual stage where infants produce sounds, coo, and babble, then understand turn-taking and use preverbal gestures before comprehending language and developing vocabulary.
  • Language comprehension develops before expressive language, with children initially uttering single words and then progressing to simple sentences.
  • Children learn new words through fast mapping and may make errors such as overextension and underextension during the holophrastic phase, and overregularization during the telegraphic phase.
  • More knowledgeable others can support language development through turn-taking, modeling, and engaging in conversation with children.
  • Learning multiple languages initially slows acquisition and limits vocabulary, but ultimately provides cognitive and sociocultural benefits.
  • Early exposure to languages is important for retaining phonemic distinctions, and children learn sign language more easily before puberty.
  • Cochlear implants provide access to the speaking/hearing world but may limit access to sign language and require significant rehabilitation and training.
  • Deaf individuals advocate for good access to both sign and speech, and support for deaf institutions and organizations.
  • To check learning on emotional development, it is best to refer to the learning objectives and respond to the questions at the end of each module.
  • Emotional and self-concept development can be assessed by responding to the questions at the end of each module in the study material.

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