47 Questions
What are the key functions of language?
Information Exchange
What evidence supports the idea that the capacity for language is innate?
Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas in the brain
What features define a true language?
Arbitrary symbols with meaning and organized by rules
Briefly explain the interactionist hypothesis of language development.
Language development is influenced by both biological maturation and environmental input
What are the five spiritual/religious orientations among grade 11 & 12 students?
Spiritual/irreligious, Disconnected wonderers, High institutional & personal, Primarily personal, Meditators
What is the main difference between Elkind’s and Fowler’s stages of spiritual development/faith formation?
Elkind's stages focus on age-related development, while Fowler's stages focus on different stages of faith
What characterizes Elkind’s 'Personal Connection' stage of faith development?
A sense that they can relate to God one-to-one
What is the main outcome for teens of developing an active spirituality and/or being actively part of a religion?
Support, sense of belonging, guidance, coping, resilience, and meaning
What are the major strategies and challenges in studying perceptual development in children?
Identifying genetic influences and environmental interactions
What are the basic perceptual capacities of newborns?
Ability to see in depth, focus, and track moving objects
What are the major concepts in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
Assimilation, accommodation, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
What are the major concepts in Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
Zone of proximal development, scaffolding, cultural tools, social interaction
What does creativity in children look like?
Originality, flexibility, fluency, elaboration, and problem-solving
What is the virtue that adolescents should develop according to Erik Erikson?
Fidelity
At what stage of moral development do individuals make judgments based on tangible punitive or rewarding consequences of an act?
Stage 1: Obedience Orientation
What is one of the critiques of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
It reflects a western ideal of justice
According to Carol Gilligan, what is one of the biases in Kohlberg's theory?
It is biased against women
What did Carol Gilligan propose as an alternative to Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Theory of Moral Care
What did research show about the relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior?
Moral reasoning does not predict moral behavior accurately
At what stage of moral reasoning are individuals more likely to act in a morally principled manner?
Postconventional
When given the opportunity to cheat, what percentage of university students who employed postconventional moral reasoning cheated?
15%
At what stage of moral development do most adults settle?
Stage 4: Social System morality
At what stage of moral development are moral judgments based on a desire to gain approval or to uphold laws that maintain social order?
Stage 3: Interpersonal norms
What is the goal of adolescence according to Erik Erikson?
To develop a sense of identity
What is the ability that adolescents should develop according to Erik Erikson?
Fidelity
At what age do more complex emotions such as guilt, embarrassment, and pride become evident?
Around 2 years of age
Why did developmental psychologists move away from Chess and Thomas’ three basic patterns of temperament?
Due to the advantages of a more comprehensive description
What does the concept of 'goodness of fit' refer to in child development?
The match between a child’s temperament and their environment
What did Tronick’s “Still Face” experiment demonstrate about infants?
Infants rely on emotional connection and responsiveness from caregivers for healthy emotional development
What major systems govern and help regulate emotions?
Behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition
At what age does empathy emerge spontaneously?
Around 2 years of age
What is attachment in child development more than?
Bonding with the person who feeds you
What does having a secure attachment figure enable a child to do?
Use them as a secure base for exploration
What is the Strange Situation an informative measure of in child development?
A child’s attachment to a caregiver
What influences the quality of parenting and childcare in relation to children's secure attachments?
The quality of parenting and childcare
What does phonology involve?
The set of sounds used in a language
What does syntax involve?
The rules guiding word combinations
What is the universal sequence of language acquisition?
Producing sounds, cooing, and babbling before understanding turn-taking and using preverbal gestures
When does language comprehension develop in children?
Before expressive language
How do children learn new words through fast mapping?
By associating a new word with its referent after a single exposure
What are some errors children may make during the holophrastic phase?
Overextension and underextension
How can more knowledgeable others support language development in children?
Through turn-taking, modeling, and engaging in conversation
What is the impact of learning multiple languages on vocabulary?
Initially slows acquisition and limits vocabulary, but ultimately provides cognitive and sociocultural benefits
When is early exposure to languages important for retaining phonemic distinctions?
Before puberty
What do cochlear implants provide access to?
The speaking/hearing world
What do deaf individuals advocate for in terms of access?
Good access to both sign and speech
How can emotional and self-concept development be assessed?
By responding to the questions at the end of each module in the study material
Study Notes
Language Development in Children
- Phonology involves the set of sounds used in a language, while morphology involves the meaningful combinations of these sounds.
- Semantics deals with meaningful units such as words and phrases, syntax involves the rules guiding word combinations, and pragmatics includes sociolinguistic knowledge and nonverbal signals.
- The universal sequence of language acquisition starts with prelingual stage where infants produce sounds, coo, and babble, then understand turn-taking and use preverbal gestures before comprehending language and developing vocabulary.
- Language comprehension develops before expressive language, with children initially uttering single words and then progressing to simple sentences.
- Children learn new words through fast mapping and may make errors such as overextension and underextension during the holophrastic phase, and overregularization during the telegraphic phase.
- More knowledgeable others can support language development through turn-taking, modeling, and engaging in conversation with children.
- Learning multiple languages initially slows acquisition and limits vocabulary, but ultimately provides cognitive and sociocultural benefits.
- Early exposure to languages is important for retaining phonemic distinctions, and children learn sign language more easily before puberty.
- Cochlear implants provide access to the speaking/hearing world but may limit access to sign language and require significant rehabilitation and training.
- Deaf individuals advocate for good access to both sign and speech, and support for deaf institutions and organizations.
- To check learning on emotional development, it is best to refer to the learning objectives and respond to the questions at the end of each module.
- Emotional and self-concept development can be assessed by responding to the questions at the end of each module in the study material.
Test your knowledge of language development in children with this quiz. Explore topics such as phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. Learn about the universal sequence of language acquisition, language comprehension, vocabulary development, bilingualism, and the impact of cochlear implants. Assess your understanding of emotional and self-concept development in children.
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