Language and Macro Skills Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does 'communicative competence' refer to?

  • Using language correctly and appropriately (correct)
  • Just understanding a language
  • Memorizing vocabulary
  • Only knowing grammatical rules

According to the content, grammar and vocabulary are the only goals of a language course.

False (B)

What distinguishes free morphemes from bound morphemes?

  • Free morphemes cannot have any morphemes added.
  • Bound morphemes are always plural.
  • Free morphemes can stand alone with meaning. (correct)
  • Bound morphemes can exist independently.

The syntax of a language deals with the meaning of individual morphemes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the term 'communicative competence'?

<p>Dell Hymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a free morpheme.

<p>ocean</p> Signup and view all the answers

A language course should aim for both _________ competence and communicative competence.

<p>linguistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The grammatical morpheme that indicates the past tense is _____

<p>–ed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of communicative competence with their definitions:

<p>Linguistic competence = Knowledge of grammar and vocabulary Sociolinguistic competence = Understanding language use in social contexts Discourse competence = Ability to produce coherent and cohesive text Strategic competence = Use of communication strategies to overcome difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the morphemes with their function:

<p>-ing = Present progressive -s = Regular plural -ed = Regular past tense -ful = Adjective form</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of communicative competence?

<p>Physical competence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about syntax is true?

<p>Syntax determines acceptable word combinations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effective communication skills are considered less important than grammar in language learning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a normal child acquire knowledge of according to Hymes?

<p>Both grammatical and appropriate language usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syntax requires that every sentence must have at least a noun phrase and a verb phrase.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic meaning of the word 'syntax'?

<p>'to join'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aspect that differentiates first language acquisition from second language learning?

<p>First language is acquired instinctively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person can choose their first language.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'acquired' in the context of first language?

<p>It means coming into possession of a language naturally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A second language is a language a person learns in order to communicate with the __________ of that language.

<p>native speakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Acquired = To come into possession or ownership of Learned = To gain knowledge or skill by study or experience First Language = Native language or mother tongue Second Language = Language chosen for communication beyond the first</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of the descriptive grammar approach?

<p>It improves non-native speakers' pronunciation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take to fully acquire a first language with 100% proficiency?

<p>6 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding 'fewer' is correct?

<p>It is used with count nouns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive grammar is commonly used in formal settings such as exams.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diachronic linguistics?

<p>The historical study of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prescriptive grammar focuses on how the language is actually used by native speakers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Second language learning is generally faster than first language acquisition.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of prescriptive grammar related to the use of passive voice.

<p>'The university held the meeting.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'first language' refer to?

<p>The native or mother tongue of a person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of language as it exists in a specific period and region is known as _____ linguistics.

<p>synchronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Native speakers often say 'I ___ going nowhere' instead of correct English.

<p>ain't</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of language with its characteristics:

<p>Oral language = Uses more self-reference words Written language = Typically has longer sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of teaching prescriptive grammar?

<p>It creates formal writers and resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of oral language?

<p>It employs more pseudo quantifying terms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the example statement to its corresponding grammar type:

<p>I am younger than he. = Prescriptive Grammar I ain't going nowhere. = Descriptive Grammar He graduated from American university. = Prescriptive Grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Synchronic studies can involve comparisons of dialects within the same language.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way in which oral language differs from written language?

<p>Oral language has shorter sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both prescriptive and descriptive grammar aim to enforce identical language rules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'This is a beautiful, small, green, ___ island.'

<p>American</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of introducing English in the Philippines after the Philippine-American War?

<p>To establish an American education system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Filipino writers began producing literary works in English in the 1920s.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were American English-language teachers in the Philippines called?

<p>Thomasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

English is one of the official languages of the __________.

<p>Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of Philippine English with their characteristics:

<p>Pronunciation = Distinctive sounds influenced by native languages Vocabulary = Incorporation of Filipino terms into English Grammar = Adaptations from local language structures Discourse = Unique conversational styles reflecting culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the status of English in Philippine society today?

<p>It remains integral to business, education, and media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The introduction of English to the Philippines has caused confusion in national and regional identity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one industry in the Philippines significantly driven by English proficiency?

<p>Outsourcing industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Communicative Competence

The ability to understand and use a language in real-world situations, taking into account both grammatical correctness and social appropriateness.

Linguistic Competence

The knowledge of the grammatical rules and vocabulary of a language.

Sociolinguistic Competence

The knowledge of how to use language appropriately in different social situations, taking into account factors like social context, relationships, and cultural norms.

Discourse Competence

The ability to create coherent and meaningful texts, taking into account factors like cohesion, coherence, and genre conventions.

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Strategic Competence

The ability to use strategies to overcome communication breakdowns or gaps in knowledge. Examples include: paraphrasing, asking for clarification, using gestures.

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Receptive Skills

The ability to comprehend language, such as understanding spoken or written language.

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Productive Skills

The ability to produce language, such as speaking or writing.

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Shift in language teaching

The shift in language teaching from solely focusing on grammatical rules and vocabulary to emphasizing communication in real-world situations.

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Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of language.

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Free Morpheme

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word.

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Bound Morpheme

A morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word.

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Syntax

The study of sentence structure.

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Word Order

The arrangement of words in a sentence.

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Phrase

A group of words that functions as a single unit.

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Clause

A group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

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Syntactic Rules

The rules that determine which word combinations are acceptable in a language.

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First Language

The language a person acquires naturally during childhood, usually from their family and surroundings.

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Second Language

A language learned after the first language, often through formal instruction or exposure.

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Language Acquisition

The process of acquiring a language naturally through exposure and interaction, like a child learning their first language.

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Language Learning

The process of learning a language through formal instruction, practice, and conscious effort, like learning a second language in school.

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Rapid Language Acquisition

The ability to acquire a language rapidly and naturally, especially during childhood.

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First Language Acquisition Timeline

The process of acquiring fluency in a first language typically completes within the first six years of life.

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Diachronic Linguistics

The study of language as it changes over time. It traces the history of linguistic development from Old English to modern usage, uncovering shifts in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.

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Synchronic Linguistics

The study of language as it exists at a specific point in time. It compares language variations across geographical regions, examining differences in dialects, pronunciations, and vocabulary.

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Descriptive Grammar Approach

A focus on the practical application of language rules, emphasizing the actual usage patterns observed in real-world communication. It prioritizes understanding how people actually speak and write, rather than just theoretical grammar rules.

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Oral Language

Language used in verbal interactions, such as public speaking or casual conversations. It is typically spontaneous and dynamic, adapting to the situation and audience.

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Written Language

Language used in written texts, such as books, articles, and emails. It is usually more planned and formal, with a focus on clarity and structure.

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Language, Culture, and Society

A study of language that explores how different languages function in their respective cultural contexts. It investigates the relationship between linguistic features, social behavior, and cultural values.

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Descriptive Grammar

The way native speakers actually use language, focusing on describing it as it is rather than prescribing how it "should" be.

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Prescriptive Grammar

Rules that dictate how language should be used, often based on traditional or formal standards.

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Count Nouns

Words that refer to things that can be counted (e.g., "books", "chairs").

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Mass Nouns

Words that refer to things that cannot be counted (e.g., "water", "happiness").

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Split Infinitives

A grammatical rule that states that infinitives (e.g., "to go") should not be split by an adverb (e.g., "to boldly go").

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Passive Voice

A grammatical rule that advises against using passive voice (e.g., "The meeting was held by the university") when active voice (e.g., "The university held the meeting") is possible.

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Phrasal Verb

A combination of a verb and a preposition (e.g., "come over", "look up").

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Adjective Order

The order in which adjectives are placed in a sentence, typically following a specific pattern (e.g., "beautiful, small, green, American island").

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Philippine (Filipino) English Features

The Philippines' English language variety has unique characteristics due to its interaction with Filipino languages and culture. It features distinctive pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and discourse influenced by Filipino expressions.

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US's Role in Philippine English

The US, after conquering the Philippines, made English the primary language for government, education, and business, creating a lasting impact on Filipino society.

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The Philippines as a US Territory

The Philippines became an unincorporated territory of the US in 1902, leading to the widespread introduction of English as a dominant language.

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The Role of American Teachers

American teachers, aptly named 'Thomasites,' played a crucial role in spreading English in the Philippines by establishing a public school system.

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Current Use of English in the Philippines

English is widely used throughout Philippine society today in business, science, technology, government, education, and international communication.

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Controversial Aspect of English in the Philippines

English's prominent presence in the Philippines sparks debates about national identity, education policies, and language politics due to its colonial origins.

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Benefits of English for the Philippine Economy

The Philippines' use of English drives a thriving outsourcing industry and attracts more international students due to the Filipinos' fluency in English.

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English's Continued Influence after Independence

The Philippines' independence from the US in 1946 didn't significantly diminish English's influence, leading to its recognition as an official language.

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Study Notes

Language

  • Language is a system of conventional symbols (spoken, written, or signed) used by humans within a social group to express themselves.
  • It involves the production and comprehension of words (spoken, written, and signed in the case of sign language).
  • Language is a complex process encompassing various psychological aspects, from basic neurological functioning to higher-level cognition.
  • Language facilitates social interaction and provides structure to human lives.
  • A precise definition of language is "a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by which a social group cooperates."

Macro Skills

  • Language teaching encompasses four fundamental macro-skills for communication: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
  • Effective language instruction involves a balanced approach, integrating all four macro-skills rather than focusing on only one at a time.
  • Listening and speaking are categorized as oral skills.
  • Reading and writing are considered literacy skills.
  • Receptive skills encompass listening and reading, as these require processing and understanding input from others.
  • Productive skills involve speaking and writing, enabling learners to communicate their ideas.

Communicative Competence

  • Communicative competence, a crucial aspect of language proficiency, involves the intuitive functional knowledge and control of language usage.
  • This includes not only the grammatical correctness (linguistic competence) but also the appropriate use of language in social contexts (sociolinguistic competence).
  • The term "communicative competence" was coined by Dell Hymes in response to Noam Chomsky's concept of "linguistic competence".
  • It prioritizes the ability to communicate effectively in various situations and appropriate ways.
  • Key components include: linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competence.

Components of Language

  • Linguistics is the scientific study of language, its structure, and rules.
  • Language comprises five key components: form, content, and use.
  • Form is decomposed into three subcomponents: syntax, morphology, and phonology.
  • Content, also known as semantics, refers to the meaning of language.
  • Use, or pragmatics, encompasses the use of language in social contexts and situations.

First Language vs. Second Language

  • A first language refers to a person's native language or mother tongue, acquired naturally in childhood.
  • A second language is learned later in life, often through formal instruction.
  • Acquiring a first language is significantly different from acquiring a second language.
  • First language acquisition is largely unconscious and develops rapidly, while second language acquisition typically requires more conscious effort and structured practice.

Mother Tongue vs. Native Language

  • While often used interchangeably, mother tongue and native language have subtle differences.
  • Mother tongue usually refers to the language a person is raised with, often associated with family and home.
  • Native language usually corresponds to the language commonly spoken in the area where a person grew up, relating to the wider community.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of language and its role in communication. This quiz covers the four macro-skills essential for effective language teaching: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Understand the psychological aspects and the importance of integrating all skills for optimal language instruction.

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