Lab Animal Health and Disease Assessment

<p>Vaccination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal grooming behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Torticollis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of grooming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hunched back (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow or lack of reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumonia and rhinitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oedematous swelling on ears and eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial implantation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By cavitation and plectamnion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schizamnion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superficial implantation (A), Central implantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hollowing of the pro-amniotic cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schizamnion and plectamnion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amnion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It merges with the amniotic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of tissue layers nutrients must cross (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epitheliochorial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They nestle between the epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One layer is separated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epitheliochorial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential endothelioendothelial type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the site of the areolae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endotheliochorial placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glandular activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contribute to hemotrophic nutrition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer of iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal gut development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histiotrophic nutrition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal cells do not form microvilli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oryctolagus cuniculus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phylum: Mammalia, Order: Carnivora, Family: Canidae, Genus: Canis, Species: lupus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zebrafish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cercopithecidae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>aries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cavia procellus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruminantia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chordata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cavia procellus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hold the needle closer to the tip (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atropine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A female mouse will abort if exposed to male urine within 24 hours (Bruce effect). (A), Lee-Boot effect is the cessation of the female cycle in the absence of males. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B and T epitopes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid underestimation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar electrosurgery can only be used for coagulation, not incisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acepromazine (ACP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warfarin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B and T cell epitopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensation of pain coming from a stimulus that should not be painful. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use a needle holder with a longitudinal groove. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A male mouse will urinate on a female mouse before mating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A female mouse has an abortion within the first days of her pregnancy if she comes in close contact with male urine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2 inhalation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiments on animals for tobacco research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use a needle holder with a thick tip for thick needles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubular secretion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The premolars and molars of a rabbit grow constantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A linear approach is used to avoid underestimating the risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 3Rs stand for Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.</p> <ul> <li>Replacement means using alternatives to animals, such as in vitro methods, computer modeling, or human tissue cultures, whenever possible.</li> <li>Reduction involves using fewer animals or obtaining more information from the same number of animals. This could involve refining experimental design or using more sensitive and precise measurement techniques.</li> <li>Refinement aims to minimize pain and distress for animals. This can involve using better anesthetic techniques, providing more enriching environments, or ensuring proper husbandry practices.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four basic principles of anesthesia are: Induction, Maintenance, Analgesia, and Reversal.</p> <ul> <li>Induction is the process of initiating anesthesia, usually by administering a drug intravenously or inhaling a gas. Examples of induction agents include propofol and isoflurane.</li> <li>Maintenance involves keeping the animal at a constant level of anesthesia throughout the procedure. This can be achieved by continuous administration of a drug. An example is isoflurane for inhalation anesthesia.</li> <li>Analgesia aims to relieve pain, which is often a component of anesthesia. Opioids such as morphine or fentanyl could be given for analgesia.</li> <li>Reversal is the process of reversing anesthesia, allowing the animal to wake up quickly and safely. Reversal agents are given to counteract the effects of the induction agent, such as Atipamezole for the reversal of dexmedetomidine.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is important for small laboratory animals to awaken quickly from anesthesia because prolonged anesthesia can lead to several complications, including hypothermia, respiratory issues, and muscle weakness. Quick recovery minimizes the risk of these problems and allows the animal to resume normal activity sooner, ensuring their well-being and the success of the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incubation period is the time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of clinical symptoms. A facultative pathogen is a microorganism that typically does not cause disease, but can cause illness in a weakened host or under certain conditions. A subclinical carrier is an individual who harbors a pathogen without exhibiting symptoms but can still transmit the infection to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acepromazine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scintigraphy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI provides detailed information about soft tissue structures, while CT is more effective for bone imaging. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI and CT provide more detailed images, as opposed to a flat 2D image. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The linear model is more conservative, and it is used to avoid underestimating the potential risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rabbits have a dental formula of 2I 1/1, 3P 2/1 3M 3/3 and a total of 28 teeth. Their incisors and molars grow continuously, while premolars are diphyodont, meaning they are replaced once. Rats have a dental formula of 1I 1/1, 0P 0/0 3M 3/3 and a total of 16 teeth. Their incisors grow continuously. Molars are brachyodont, meaning they stop growing once they reach their full size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological pain is felt in proportion to the intensity of the stimulus, while pathological pain is often disproportionate to the stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phases of anesthesia are: premedication, induction, maintenance, and recovery.</p> <ul> <li>Premedication involves administering drugs to prepare the animal for anesthesia, reduce stress, and minimize side effects.</li> <li>Induction refers to the process of initiating anesthesia, usually by administering a drug intravenously or inhaling a gas.</li> <li>Maintenance involves keeping the animal at a constant level of anesthesia throughout the procedure. This can be achieved by continuous administration of a drug.</li> <li>Recovery is the process of the animal regaining wakefulness after the effects of anesthesia have worn off.</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Implantation where the embryo burrows into the uterine wall, eventually losing contact with the uterine lumen.

Implantation where the embryo remains within the uterine lumen throughout pregnancy, never burrowing into the uterine wall

The process by which the amnion, a membrane filled with amniotic fluid, forms around the embryo.

A type of amniogenesis where the amnion forms by folding in of the trophoblast tissue around the developing embryo.

A type of amniogenesis where the amnion forms by splitting of the inner cell mass. The inner cell mass separates into the embryo and the amniotic sac.

The process by which the inner cell mass hollows to form a cavity that will give rise to, among other things, the amnion.

The cavity above the embryo formed by the folding of the trophoblast in plectamnion amniogenesis.

A type of amniogenesis seen in most rodents, except the hamster and guinea pig, where the amnion forms from the folding of the trophoblast.

This refers to the growth of rodent incisors, which can lead to problems if not properly managed. Rodents need to wear down their teeth by gnawing on appropriate materials.

This can be a cause of disease in rodents. When rodents don't have enough to chew on, they may start chewing the fur of other rodents, leading to skin damage and potential infections. This is often caused by boredom.

This is a common non-infectious cause of disease in lab animals. It can include issues like poor diet, lack of space in their cage, and exposure to harmful substances.

This is a non-infectious cause of disease in lab animals. It can range from minor injuries to major trauma, leading to various problems.

This is a non-infectious cause of disease in lab animals, and it can be caused by genetics or the way the animal is living.

A complex network formed when the tips of neighboring villi fuse in the villous placenta. This type of placenta is found in carnivores, rodents, apes, and rabbits.

The number of tissue layers that nutrients must cross from the maternal blood to the fetal blood in the placenta. This classification helps understand how closely the maternal and fetal circulations are connected.

A type of placental barrier where six layers of tissue separate the maternal and fetal circulations. This is the least invasive type.

The classification of placentas based on the number of tissue layers separating the maternal and fetal blood.

The process by which the placenta invades the uterine wall, allowing better nutrient exchange but potentially leading to complications.

The outermost layer of the placenta, formed from the fetal tissue. It directly interacts with the maternal blood.

The layer of the trophoblast that directly contacts the maternal blood. It facilitates gas and nutrient exchange.

A placenta type where the maternal capillaries are close to the fetal capillaries, reducing the number of tissue layers. It occurs in humans.

A condition characterized by symptoms like lethargy, bloody gums, internal bleeding, muscle weakness, bleeding in muscles, anemia, and bleeding in the paws.

A bacterial infection that can affect the respiratory system of mice and rats. Symptoms include torticollis and pneumonia.

A condition where the head is tilted to one side. It can be caused by a variety of issues including ear infections, neurological problems, and infections like Mycoplasma.

Inflammation of the lungs, often caused by bacterial or viral infections. In rats, Mycoplasma can lead to a severe form.

A general symptom indicative of illness in animals. It refers to a change in behavior, including sluggishness, lack of social interaction, and reduced grooming.

A general symptom indicative of illness in animals. It refers to the posture or position of the animal, including hunched back, torticollis, abnormal limb position, and ruffled fur.

A general symptom indicative of illness in animals. It refers to a change in feeding and water intake, including loss of appetite, weight loss, and dehydration.

Reduction in food consumption due to illness. It can be a key indicator of disease.

Classification of placentas based on the shape of the structure, surface morphology of the chorion, placental barrier and endometrial invasion, trophoblast cytology, fate of the maternal endometrium, composing fetal membranes & vasculature, paraplacental structures, and implantation types.

These are structures located outside of the main placental area, but still play a role in pregnancy. Examples include areolae in pigs, marginal hematomes, endometrial cups, and subplacenta.

These are domes of trophoblast located on the endometrium in pigs. They have increased glandular activity and are sites of histiotrophic nutrition, playing a role in iron transfer. Numerous, branched chorionic villi float in the space between the chorion and endometrium.

The type of placental barrier present in carnivores where fetal cells form a layer around maternal vessels, but lack microvilli due to the absence of surface extensions on individual cells.

These are microscopic extensions of individual cells present in most placenta types, but absent in endotheliochorial placentas. They aid in nutrient and waste exchange.

This type of nutrition in placentas involves the uptake of nutrients directly from the maternal tissues, rather than through blood circulation. It plays a role in iron transfer in pigs with areolae.

The process of red blood cell breakdown and absorption. It's not a direct function of paraplacental structures, but may be involved in some contexts.

A type of placental nutrition in which nutrients are absorbed from the maternal blood circulation. It is the primary mode of nourishment in placentas and is not a function of paraplacental structures.

The scientific name of an organism, consisting of two parts: the genus name and the species epithet.

A group of closely related species.

A group of closely related genera.

A group of closely related families.

A group of closely related orders.

A group of closely related classes.

The second part of a scientific name, specific to the particular species.

Animals with a vertebral column.

Animals that give birth to live young, usually after a period of gestation in the mother's womb.

A classification system used to organize living organisms into hierarchical groups based on their shared characteristics.