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Slide 40 - 104 Lab animal

Learn about the design and maintenance of automated drinking systems for animals, including one-way valves, fresh water flushing, sanitation procedures, and monitoring requirements.

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Questions and Answers

What are metabolism cages typically used for?

Studies where urine or feces collection is required

What is the purpose of transport, transfer, and shipping cages?

Relocation of animals

What material are shipping containers typically made of?

Cardboard or plastic

Which of the following is a feature of disposable MI Shoebox Cages?

<p>Provide access to feed and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is environmental enrichment emphasized in The Guide?

<p>To help meet the psychological needs of all species</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of using squeeze cages for housing nonhuman primates?

<p>To safely restrain the animal for feeding or temporary separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of caging system is specifically designed for temporarily separating animals within multiple cages each day?

<p>Room‐sized group housing pens</p> Signup and view all the answers

In large animal enclosures, why are slats and grates appropriately sized?

<p>To provide good footing without causing skin abrasions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common flooring material used in large animal enclosures for bedding?

<p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which species is it mentioned that runs & kennels should have higher sides or extend to the ceiling?

<p>Pigs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plastic material is the most suitable for work involving high-risk infectious agents due to its durability and ability to withstand extreme autoclave temperatures?

<p>Polysulphone/Polyphenylsulfone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for choosing Polystyrene as a caging material?

<p>Opaque nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Galvanized metal rarely used for animal caging?

<p>Toxicity concerns from zinc content</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of Microisolation (MI) cages that sets them apart from shoebox-style cages?

<p>Utilizes a plastic top with an integral filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Individually Ventilated Cages (IVCs), what purpose does the continuous airflow serve?

<p>Decreases buildup of waste materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ventilated caging systems becoming increasingly popular?

<p>To decrease human allergen exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of using front-opening, drawer-type cages for small mammals?

<p>Allow easy examination of animals without removing them from the enclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are perforated & wire-bottomed flooring not recommended for small mammals?

<p>They produce foot problems in rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when group housing social animals?

<p>Animal and personnel safety, as well as ease of husbandry and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to offer solid resting platforms in rodent cages?

<p>To prevent foot problems in rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of one-way valves in animal cages or pens?

<p>To prevent water stagnation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is periodic sanitation with a bleach-based solution necessary for animal watering systems?

<p>To prevent the growth of harmful bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should bedding material be stored off the floor?

<p>To prevent contamination and maintain cleanliness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for bedding material used in animal housing?

<p>Low dust factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of specialized equipment necessary for animal care?

<p>To provide efficient care and sanitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage method for unopened bags of dry pelleted foods for animals?

<p>Stored off the floor on pallets, racks or carts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key component of blood that needs to be provided to animals?

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT listed for treating drinking water to eliminate extraneous contaminants?

<p>Irradiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct storage recommendation for open bags of dry pelleted foods?

<p>Stored in sealed, vermin-proof containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which watering equipment is commonly used when medications or compounds need to be given to animals along with water?

<p>Water pouches</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of biosafety facility may require full body coverage and face protection with respirator use?

<p>ABSL3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which facility classification requires waste material to be appropriately decontaminated or sterilized prior to disposal using methods like autoclaves, gas or vapor chambers, incinerators, and digestors?

<p>Biohazard facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be considered when determining the size of a primary enclosure for animals?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caging must be ____________

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific minimum space recommendations for group and individually housed animals based on?

<p>Multiple documents including Animal Welfare Act, The Guide, and Ag Guide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of housing system may require a positive pressure ventilated suit with attached boots?

<p>ABSL4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the caging material be chosen based on?

<p>Use, frequency of cage changes, autoclave needs, budget and need for disposal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type of housing depends on

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does "primary enclosure" refer to

<p>Refers to the cage in which the animal is housed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caging must be

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-durable plastic typically used for single use caging (disposable, intended for use with biohazard or chemical hazard protocols, also used for shipping)

<p>Polystyrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

First plastic compound used for rodent cages and aquatic tanks. (high impact strength, temperature resistant, autoclavable version used for protocols requiring sterile caging)

<p>Polycarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Used for suspended rodent cages, rabbit cages and aquatic tanks. (shatter resistant, opaque (provides breeding animals more seclusion), less noise (rabbits))

<p>Polypropylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

match metals

<p>Stainless steel = Most common, more expensive but doesn't corrode Aluminum = Lighter weight but not as durable Galvanized metal = Rarely used due to corrosion and can be toxic due to zinc content</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Match cages

<p>Shoebox style cages = Stainless steel lid with a V shaped trough to hold food and a water bottle or pouch Microisolation cages = Uses plastic top with integral filter over the cage Individually ventilated cages = Constructed with a port and docking system Front opening drawer type cages = Used to house rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas and ferrets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have ventilated caging system become increasingly popular

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could strongly influence the success of group housing arrangements

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Housing large animal

<p>Agricultural setting = May be appropriate for the conduct of some biomedical research Indoor research facility = When greater control of environmental parameters is required Pens = Have short sides ~40in high (typically for pigs) Runs and kennels = High sides 5-6in or extend to the ceiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vertical bars needed for pigs as they can climb horizontal bars

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exercise cages used for

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transport, transfer and shipping cages are sometimes called

<p>Jump boxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transport, transfer and shipping cages are typically made of

<p>Cardboard or plastic with ventilation ports</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enrichment items may induce unintended effects such as

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Controversy exists regarding which enrichment items provide the greatest benefit and least risk to the animals. This is largely complicated by the difficulty of interpreting an animal's response to or desire for an object. Therefore, the use of all enrichment items must be critically evaluated.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both consistency and caution must be exercised in the provision of environmental enrichment when differences or changes in their use may impact research results

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both consistency and caution does not need to be exercised in the provision of environmental enrichment when differences or changes in their use may impact research results

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Food needs to be

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most dry pelleted foods can be used up to 6 months after manufacture

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Refrigeration preserves nutritional quality and lengthens shelf life

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are unopened bags stored

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are open bags of dry pelleted food stored

<p>Stored in sealed, vermin proof container</p> Signup and view all the answers

Open bags of dry pelleted foods

<p>Must be protected from moisture and contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temp are purified and chemically defined diets stored at

<p>39F</p> Signup and view all the answers

Purified and chemically defined diets are less stable than natural ingredient diets

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Purified and chemically defined diets are more stable than natural ingredient diets

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shelf life of purified and chemically defined diets

<p>Less than 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perishable food is utilized quickly for product freshness

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perishable food is utilized quickly for product freshness

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perishable food is not utilized as quickly because it will stay fresh longer

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perishable food is stored in the refrigerator

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perishable food is stored off the floor on racks or carts

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Date of sterilization should be recorded on autoclaved package

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autoclaved and irradiated diets are adjusted in nutrient concentrations and ingredients to ensure adequate nutritional level

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autoclaved and irradiated diets are not adjusted in nutrient concentrations and ingredients to ensure adequate nutritional level

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding water

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

For most agricultural animals, use of well or city tap water is sufficient whereas immunocompromised animals may need water purified by reverse osmosis and then slightly acidified or chlorinated to inhibit bacterial growth

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

For most immunocompromised animals, use of well or city tap water is sufficient whereas agricultural animals may need water purified by reverse osmosis and then slightly acidified or chlorinated to inhibit bacterial growth

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bottles with sipper tubes or water pouches are commonly utilized when

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Packets of gelled water (H3CO2) are useful when transporting or shipping rodents

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Packets of gelled water (H3CO2) are always useful

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has replaced the use of water bottles/bowls in many facilities

<p>Automated watering systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is delivered from the water source to rooms, usually through stainless steel piping affixed to walls or ceilings (animals can physically activate these to receive water) How is stagnation prevented

<p>Fresh water is automatically flushed through the system daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to perform periodic sanitation of the watering system

<p>Bleach based solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match

<p>Cleaning = removes excessive amounts of excrement, dirt and debris Sanitation = maintenance of environmental conditions conducive to health and well being; ‐ washing away (reducing) microbe Disinfection = reduces or eliminates unacceptable concentrations of microorganisms; destroy (-cidal) or inhibit (static) microbial growth Sterilization = validated process used to render a product free of all forms of viable microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Animal Housing and Welfare

  • If group housing is not possible, animals should be provided visual, auditory, and/or olfactory contact with others of the same species.
  • Animals should be provided opportunities to play and exercise.

Housing for Large Animals

  • Large animals require physically demanding and labor-intensive housing.
  • Equipment and procedures should be regularly evaluated and refined to maximize personnel safety and minimize ergonomic injuries.

Specialized Housing Systems

  • Metabolism cages are used in studies where urine or feces collection is required.
  • Exercise cages are used in studies involving nutrition or exercise and provide a form of enrichment.
  • Transport, transfer, and shipping cages are used to relocate animals temporarily.
  • Disposable MI shoebox cages are used in some settings.

Environmental Enrichment

  • Environmental enrichment is essential to meet the psychological needs of all species.
  • Plastic materials used in caging include polysulphone, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and polypropylene, each with its advantages and disadvantages.

Caging Materials

  • Metals used in caging include stainless steel, aluminum, and galvanized metal, each with its advantages and disadvantages.

Rodent Housing

  • Shoebox-style cages are commonly used to house murine rodents.
  • Microisolation (MI) cages are refinements of shoebox cages that utilize a plastic top with an integral filter to prevent the exchange of allergens and microorganisms.
  • Individually ventilated cages (IVCs) are refinements of static microisolation caging systems that provide containment and microbiological protection for rodents.

Nonhuman Primate Housing

  • Nonhuman primates should be socially housed whenever possible in caging configurations that allow flexibility in enclosure size and connection of adjacent enclosures.
  • Housing should include perches, climbing structures, and other enrichment devices to promote psychological well-being.

Large Animal Housing

  • Large animal enclosures include freestanding, mobile cages, and permanent installations within a room.
  • Flooring and bedding materials should be selected based on species and should provide good footing without causing skin abrasions.

Ventilated Systems

  • Ventilated caging systems are popular due to their ability to improve the environment for animals and decrease human allergen exposure.
  • Automated monitoring systems with alarms can detect ventilation failures and alert staff to relocate animals.

Other Small Mammals

  • Front-opening, drawer-type cages are used to house rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and ferrets.
  • Social animals should be group housed whenever possible, and social species should be housed in compatible groups.

Food and Bedding Materials

  • Food and bedding materials should be obtained from vendors who ensure the quality of their products.
  • Food should be palatable, uncontaminated, and nutritionally adequate, and should be stored in clean areas to minimize disease and parasites.

Watering Equipment

  • Water is an essential nutrient, and water quality should be standardized to eliminate contaminants.
  • Watering equipment includes bottles with sipper tubes or water pouches, and automated watering systems that reduce labor intensity and ergonomic issues.

Bedding Dispenser and Facility Equipment

  • Bedding material should be selected based on species, housing method, and experimental conditions.
  • Facility equipment, including specialized equipment, is required to provide high-quality care and sanitation.

Common Facility Classifications

  • Biohazard facilities require specialized equipment and decontamination methods to handle infectious materials.

Housing Regulations

  • The Animal Welfare Act (APHIS, 2017), the Guide, and the Ag Guide (FASS, 2010) provide specific minimum space recommendations for group and individually housed animals.
  • Primary enclosure size depends on species, body weight, exercise requirements, and enrichment needs.

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