Exam Questions PDF

**Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2019-2020** - Multiple-choice question about node tension. **Biomedical Sciences 2019** - **Multiple-choice questions:** - How can you prevent wear on your needle holder? - a\) Longitudinal groove - b\) Hold the needle closer to the...

**Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2019-2020** - Multiple-choice question about node tension. **Biomedical Sciences 2019** - **Multiple-choice questions:** - How can you prevent wear on your needle holder? - a\) Longitudinal groove - b\) Hold the needle closer to the tip - **Which of the following is a sedative?** - a\) Atropine - b\)... - **What is correct?** - a\) A female mouse will abort if exposed to male urine within 24 hours (Bruce effect). - b\) Lee-Boot effect is the cessation of the female cycle in the absence of males. - **What epitopes are necessary to produce antibodies?** - a\) B epitopes - b\) T epitopes - c\) B and T epitopes. - Something about not combining tetracycline with milk (exact question unclear). - **Why do we use a linear model to estimate the exposure risk at low doses?** - a\) To avoid underestimation. - b\) Based on scientific evidence. **Bioengineering 2018-2019** - **Multiple-choice questions:** - **What is the correct statement for bipolar electrosurgery?** - a\) Bipolar electrosurgery requires the use of a neutral pad. - b\) Bipolar electrosurgery can only be used for coagulation, not incisions. - c\) Bipolar electrosurgery causes less necrosis than monopolar electrosurgery. - **Which of the following has the clearest sedative capacities?** - a\) Atipamezole - b\) Atropine - c\) Acepromazine (ACP) - **What should never be added simultaneously with tetracyclines?** - a\) Warfarin - b\) Propanolol - c\) Milk - **To induce a specific IgG response, an antigen needs:** - a\) T cell epitopes - b\) B cell epitopes - c\) B and T cell epitopes. - **What is allodynia?** - a\) Increased sensation of pain coming from a painful stimulus. - b\) Sensation of pain coming from a stimulus that should not be painful. - c\)... - **How do you maintain the lifespan of a needle holder?** - a\) Use a needle holder with a larger tip for larger needles. - b\) Use a needle holder with a longitudinal groove. - c\) Hold the needle close to the hinge of the needle holder. - **Which of the following statements concerning pheromones in mouse reproduction is true?** - a\) A male mouse can smell when a female is pregnant. - b\) A male mouse will urinate on a female mouse before mating. - c\) Female mice only start cycling when a male is present. - d\) Female mice stop cycling when they do not smell a male mouse in the direct environment. - **What is the Bruce effect?** - a\) A female mouse has an abortion within the first days of her pregnancy if she comes in close contact with male urine. - b\)... **Additional Questions** - **Which type of euthanasia is not allowed for a conscious mouse?** - a\) T61 injection - b\) Decapitation - c\) CO2 inhalation. - **How many guinea pigs can you keep in a cage with certain dimensions?** *(Table provided).* - **Three quotes about ethics: Which one is correct?** - **What is not allowed in Belgium?** - a\) Experiments on cats and dogs. - b\) Experiments on great apes. - c\) Experiments on animals for tobacco research. - **What is publication bias?** - **What should you consider when transporting male rabbits?** - a\) Social housing. - b\) At least one water bottle available. - c\)... **Biomedical Sciences 2018** - **What is correct regarding the 3Rs?** - a\) The 3Rs no longer need to be applied. - b\) The 3Rs are included in legislation on laboratory animals. - c\)... - **You want to set up an experiment with an experimental colony and a control colony. You buy 20 animals from a supplier, delivered in two boxes of 10 animals. What is the best setup?** - a\) Use 5 animals from one box for the control and 5 from the other box for the experiment. - b\) Use all animals with random assignment to the boxes. - **How do you best protect the needle holder?** - a\) Use a needle holder with a longitudinal groove in the jaws. - b\) Use a needle holder with a thick tip for thick needles. - c\) Hold the needle as close as possible to the hinge of the needle holder. - **What is the best sedative?** - a\) Atropine - b\) ACP - c\)... - **Pheromones in mice:** - a\) A male mouse knows a female is pregnant. - b\) A male sprays urine on a female when he wants to mate. - c\) A female knows a male wants to mate. - d\) Female mice lose their cycle if no male is nearby. - **What is the best excretion method for removing a drug from the body besides glomerular filtration?** - a\) Tubular secretion. - b\) Tubular reabsorption. - c\) Carrier protein in the blood. - d\) None of the above. - **Bipolar electrosurgery:** - a\) The plate is close to the surface. - b\) Only for coagulation of blood vessels. - c\) Causes more thermal necrosis than monopolar electrosurgery. - **Allodynia:** - a\) A painful stimulus will cause even more pain. - b\) A painful stimulus will cause pain in another location. - c\) A normal stimulus causes pain. - **Potency with a diagram from the course: Which statement is false?** - a\) B is less potent than A. - **Which statement is correct?** - a\) The molars of a rat grow constantly. - b\) The premolars and molars of a rabbit grow constantly. - c\) The molars of rats and rabbits grow constantly. - **Extrapolation of low radiation doses:** - a\) A linear approach is used to avoid underestimating the risk. - b\)... **Open Questions** - Explain the 3Rs and give examples. - Describe the four basic principles of anesthesia and provide an example of medication for each. - Why is it important for small laboratory animals to awaken quickly from anesthesia? - Explain: incubation period, facultative pathogen, and subclinical carrier. **Bioengineering 2015-2016: Exam Version 1** - **Multiple-choice questions:** - Which of the following is the most sedative? - Which imaging techniques are functional? - What is the advantage of MRI and CT? - Statements about the tension of knots. - Question about chlorhexidine. - Question about the effect of a subclinical carrier. - What is Allodynia? - **Non-technical summary (NTS): Who is it for?** - What is important after surgery for a rodent? *(Keep warm, food, or keep awake).* - **Open questions:** - Compare the dentition of the rabbit and the rat: Provide the dental formula, total number of teeth, and which teeth grow continuously. - Explain the following terms in 1-2 sentences: quarantine, enzootic, subclinical carrier, and why they are important. - **Multiple-choice questions (similar to version 1):** - Statements about bipolar electrosurgery. - How do you maintain the lifespan of your needle holder? - Radiobiology and protection: Why use a linear model and not a quadratic one? *(Diagram on the last slide).* - Which of the following is the most sedative? - Question about the effect of a subclinical carrier. - What is Allodynia? - **Non-technical summary (NTS): Who is it for?** - What is important after surgery for a rodent? *(Keep warm, food, or keep awake).* **1. Introduction** - What do the 3Rs stand for? - What are the 3Rs? Explain and give an example of each. - **Non-technical summary (NTS): Who is it for?** **2. Postmortem Examination** - Why is necropsy important? What should you keep in mind when using formaldehyde as a preservative for samples? - **How would you send a blood sample to an analytical laboratory?** - a\) Cooled - b\) Frozen - c\) Room temperature - **Blood samples must be:** - a\) Sent cooled. - b\) Sent frozen. - c\) Sent at room temperature. - **Question about tissue fixation:** - a\) 10x more formalin than tissue. - b\)... - c\)... - Why is necropsy important? What is important when preserving with formalin? - **How to send blood: Room temperature, cooled, or frozen?** - Discuss the conservation and transportation of samples after necropsy. - How can proper autopsy techniques contribute to efficient work with laboratory animals? Why is necropsy useful/necessary? - What is important in preserving with formalin? **3. Embryology** - Compare 5 characteristics of a rodent with those of humans and explain the terms used. **4. Diseases and Disease Control** - Why is disease prevention in lab animals important? - What is the impact of diseases on your experimental results? - What is the impact of disease on experimental results? - What is the importance of diseases and subclinical conditions in laboratory animals? - Discuss 3 non-infectious causes of disease in mice. - Discuss 3 non-infectious causes of disease in rats. - Define the following terms in 1-2 sentences: quarantine, enzootic, subclinical carrier. - **Which diseases are caused by Pasteurella multicoda in rabbits?** - What happens if no vitamin C is provided in the food or drinking water of guinea pigs? - Symptoms and lesions after Mycoplasma infections in mice and rats. - How can you tell an animal is sick? Explain and give examples. - List 5 specific organ systems affected in sick animals. Provide 3 examples of visible symptoms for each. **6. Reproduction and Reproductive Techniques** - Compare reproduction (cycling, mating, gestation, and pups) of guinea pigs and mice. - Discuss the reproductive characteristics of golden hamsters, guinea pigs, mice, rats, etc. - For a teratogenicity study, it is necessary for 10 female mice to be pregnant at the same time. How would you achieve this? - How to determine successful copulation and pregnancy in mice? - **Pheromones and murine reproduction:** Discuss effective reproduction in mice. - Explain the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects. - Discuss the evolutionary advantage of the Bruce effect in mouse reproduction. - What is the difference between a copulation plug and post-ovulatory discharge? (Include different species). - Discuss breeding schemes: pros/cons of each scheme. - What can be expected from natural matings in mice? - Procedures for obtaining gametes/embryos. - Define \"knock-out\"; how is it performed? - Define \"transgenic\"; how is it produced? **7. Comparative Morphology** - Multiple-choice question about zebrafish. - **What is true:** - a\) Rats can suffer molar overgrowth. - b\) Rabbits can suffer molar overgrowth. - c\) Both can suffer molar overgrowth. - **When inspecting teeth, you should certainly look at:** - a\) The molars of rats, as they grow throughout life. - b\) The premolars and molars of rabbits, as they grow throughout life. - c\) The molars of rats and rabbits, as they grow throughout life. - List 5 major anatomical differences between rabbits and rodents. - Why is knowledge of their morphology important in working with laboratory animals? - Compare 5 characteristics of rodents with those of humans. - Compare the dentition of rabbits and rats: provide the dental formula, total number of teeth, and which grow continuously. **8. Principles of Surgery** - Which types of sutures are used? What are their properties? - Question about chlorhexidine. - Statements about bipolar electrosurgery. - How do you maintain the lifespan of a needle holder? - Describe the different contaminations of a surgical wound. - Statements about knot tension. **9. Nutrition** - You are tasked with setting up a trial to quantify hepatic accumulation of dietary dioxins in rats. What type of diet, physical form, and feeding regime would you prefer? Consider specific requirements and cost efficiency. - Which feed is appropriate? - How should animals be fed? What needs to be considered? - Explain diet formulation: Natural diet -- closed and open formula, semisynthetic diets, and synthetic diets. **10. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics** - Define agonist and antagonist. - Define potency and efficacy. **11. Comparative Physiology** - Discuss heart rate and respiratory rate in animals. - Why is knowledge of physiology important when working with laboratory animals? - Blood function graphs were discussed, including oxygen affinity differences between elephants and mice. - Derive the formula for body surface area. **12. Immunology** - You want to produce an antiserum against a minor epitope of an antigen. Which strategy would you use? How does affinity affect immunization? What is the appropriate immunization method (IV, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous)? - How can you obtain IgG antibodies with high affinity in rabbits? Provide the steps. Can the same immunization protocol be used for mice? If not, what would you change? - Discuss monoclonal versus polyclonal antibodies. - What determines the immunogenicity of a substance? **13. Postoperative Care** - Multiple-choice question about postoperative care for mice (feeding, warming, waking up). - What needs to be included in a postoperative checklist and why? - List the parameters necessary for a postoperative checklist. - Open question on the postoperative checklist. - Why is fast recovery important for small laboratory animals? - Which parameters should be checked during the postoperative period and included in the checklist? Explain why. - Which parameters should be monitored postoperatively? - Why is fast recovery important after anesthesia in laboratory animals? - What is important after surgery for rodents (e.g., keep warm, feed, wake up)? - Postoperative checklist for small animals includes body temperature, heart rhythm, feces, body weight, feed, water, breathing, bleeding, consciousness, and environmental records. **16. Radiobiology and Radioprotection** - Question about the last graph on radiobiology and radioprotection slides: - a\) We follow the linear graph instead of the quadratic curve to overestimate low-dose consequences. - b\) The linear graph shows the real experimental data. - c\)... - Why use a linear model instead of a quadratic one on the last slide\'s figure? - Explain why a linear model is used instead of a quadratic model on the last slide\'s figure. **17. Analgesia and Anesthesia** - What is the difference between physiological and pathological pain? Include definitions of allodynia and hyperalgesia. Explain these terms. - What are the different phases of anesthesia? - Provide an overview of anesthesia. - What is anesthesia? - Give examples of different drugs and their side effects. - Which of the following is the most sedative? - Analgesia: What are the different phases? - Pain: What is physiological versus pathological pain? - Define and explain the terms allodynia and hyperalgesia. **18. Legislation** - How is the 3R principle connected to Belgian and European legislation? Include the three terms of the 3R principle and explain how the law incorporates these. - What aspects of laboratory animal use will soon be incorporated into Belgian law (royal decrees)? - What is the relationship between the 3R principle and European/Belgian legislation? **19. Ethical Committees** - \"The obligation to get approval from a local ethical committee limits my academic freedom as a researcher.\" Discuss this statement, providing arguments for and against. Include your personal opinion (points only for argumentation). - Statement about local ethical committees: They hinder scientific freedom because experiments must be approved. Comment on this statement (pros and cons) and provide your opinion (points based only on arguments). - Which members must be part of an ethical committee according to the royal decree? What changes are expected in the future? What improvements can you suggest for the committee's activity? - What is the role of a local ethical committee, and who are its members? - What are the three main conditions a local ethical committee evaluates before weighing benefits versus suffering in a project application? How does the committee assess this, and how should you address it in your application? - How does the 3R principle apply? **20. Ethology and Stress; Animal Welfare** - \"How to reduce animal stress, focusing on learning processes.\" - Explain how you would use specific learning techniques to reduce stress in a laboratory animal. Outline step-by-step and describe the animal\'s experience. - Explain different philosophies of welfare. - Before implementing environmental enrichment, how can you assess the needs and preferences of a specific laboratory animal? **21. Housing** - Multiple-choice question interpreting a table on housing. - What should be considered regarding light in animal housing? - Discuss factors concerning lighting in animal facilities. - Discuss all factors of lighting important for laboratory animal housing. - **Answer:** - **How many guinea pigs (500 g each) can be housed in a 2000 cm² cage, based on a provided table?** - a\) 0 - b\) 2 - c\) 3 - **Which statement is correct?** - a\) Light intensity has no effect on proper rodent housing. - b\) Care should be taken to avoid ultrasound exposure when housing rodents. - c\)... - **\[Biomedical Sciences\]** - Primary enclosures? - What are the 4 Es in animal housing? Explain their importance. - What environmental conditions must be controlled when housing animals? - Climate control: how and why? **22. Environmental Enrichment** - Which behavioral patterns are relevant for an animal? - What is the goal of environmental enrichment for laboratory animals? Provide an example. - Where can environmental enrichment be useful? Include comments and limitations. **23. Statistics and Experimental Design** - Provide experimental unit and details for six experimental setups. Which would you choose and why? - We aim to measure the effect of two food additives (A and B) on pig weight. Provide the experimental design, unit, replication, repeated measures, positive/negative points, and your preferred collaborator. - RESEARCHER A: Assign A and B randomly to 25 pigs from the same farm (not from the same litter). - RESEARCHER B: Randomly assign A and B to stables within 5 farms, testing 5 pigs per stable. - RESEARCHER C: Randomly assign 10 farms to A or B, testing 5 pigs per farm. - A company wants to compare two feed supplements (A and B) in pigs. Provide experimental design, replication, and repeated measures for the three setups. Choose the most suitable one. - Analyze three experimental setups: advantages, disadvantages, experimental unit, replicates, repeated measures, and your preferred setup. - Factors affecting statistical power? - Significance vs. relevance? - How to achieve required statistical power? **24. Extrapolation of Experimental Data to Humans** - \"Internal and external validity, and how to prevent bias in internal validity.\" - **What is true regarding internal validity?** - a\) It assesses whether the research question was answered without bias. - b\) It evaluates extrapolation to humans. - c\)... - **What is publication bias?** - a\) Failure to search for relevant articles. - b\)... - c\) Overrepresentation of positive results. **25. Ethics of Animal Use** - Multiple-choice question about moral status. - Discuss the concept of marginal cases and illustrate it with Cohen\'s perspective. - Explain and provide examples for the five viewpoints concerning the ethics of animal use in research. What is your personal stance? **26. Safety in Working with Laboratory Animals** - What preventive measures and interventions can be taken to avoid allergies in an animal facility? - How can you prevent or manage laboratory animal-induced allergies? - Discuss prevention and intervention measures to avoid occupational allergies in workers. - What strategies can be followed to reduce allergies in laboratory animal workers? - What preventive measures can be taken for laboratory animal-induced allergies? **27. Viral Zoonoses** **28. Bacterial Zoonoses** - Multiple-choice question about bacterial zoonoses. - **Which statement is correct?** - a\) Streptobacillus moniliformis can be transmitted to humans through rodent bites. - b\) Cat scratch disease is transmitted by cats infected with Capnocytophaga canimorsus. - c\) Fish and amphibians have no zoonoses. - d\) Leptospirosis, a zoonosis transmitted by rodents, causes crusty skin infections. - e\) Dermatophytes are transmitted by mammals and cause systemic diseases. - Discuss a bacterial agent transmitted through laboratory animal bites and the resulting disease. **29. Euthanasia** - \"Chemical methods, advantages, and disadvantages.\" - Discuss chemical euthanasia methods, including pros and cons. - Discuss the methods of chemical euthanasia. Include advantages and disadvantages of each method and general pros and cons of chemical euthanasia. - **Which method is forbidden for euthanizing conscious rodents?** - a\) CO₂ inhalation - b\) TI67 injection - c\) Decapitation - Which physical euthanasia methods exist? Discuss their advantages and disadvantages (both specific and general). - Definition and criteria for euthanasia methods. - Which chemical methods can be used in laboratory animals? Discuss their pros and cons. - Which physical methods are acceptable for laboratory animal euthanasia? **30. Transportation** - What should you consider when transporting laboratory animals? **31. Disease Prevention** - \"How biosafety measures can reduce the number of animals used in research.\" - Describe quarantine procedures for newly introduced laboratory animals. - What are the main causes of disinfection process failures? - List and briefly explain the four categories of microbial status in laboratory animals. - What are risk class 2 microorganisms? Provide three examples of preventive measures. - What steps can be taken with remaining animals after a disease diagnosis? **32. Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)** - **Which studies must comply with GLP standards?** - a\) Residual pesticides in auctioned lettuce. - b\) Safety of prosthetics for human use. - **Which sector could fall under GLP?** - a\) Ecotoxicity of wastewater. - b\) Toxicity of shampoo. - c\) Toxicity of champagne. - At a research institution, roles include facility manager, quality assurance officer, and study director. At another site, roles include site manager, principal investigator, and quality assurance officer. What are their responsibilities, and to whom do they report? - Provide an organizational chart. **33. Alternatives** - Which alternative methods are validated and available for toxicity testing in cosmetics? Comment on how these methods align with the 3Rs. **34. Genetics** - Why is genetic standardization more difficult in outbred populations? - Why is there a high wastage of animal material (e.g., embryos) in the generation of transgenic animals? - Discuss the different transfer methods. - Provide an overview and discussion of viral vectors.