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Types of Translation

Classification Criteria

• Translation classification depends on factors such as who does the translation and what the form of speech is.
• Source text perception is a classification criteria.
• Translation classification depends on the time lapse between when the source text is perceived and the translation is delivered.
• The number of languages used in the translation situation is a classification criteria.
• Classifying translation depends on direction, considering direct versus inverse translation.
• Methods of interpreting contribute to translation classification.
• Functional style and genre of the source text are used to classify translation.
• A human translator or computer can be a translator.
• Translation can be written, sight, or interpreted orally; this includes subtitling and dubbing.
• A translator can either see or hear the source text.
• The time lapse between perception and translation can be consecutive or simultaneous.
• Translation can be one-way (into the mother-tongue) or two-way. Translations can also be inverse, or into a foreign language.
• Interpreting methods include note-taking and phrase-by-phrase interpretation.
• Functional style and genre consider literary works and informative texts.

Machine Translation

• Soviet engineer Petr Smirnov-Troyansky had the idea for machine translation in 1933.
• Warren Weaver is seen as the founding father of Machine Translation (MT) research.
• An MT system was first demonstrated in 1954 at Georgetown University, U.S.A.
• Machine translation involves analysis and synthesis operations that have taken years of work.
• Some machine translations have ended up being ridiculous when translated, such as "Out of sight, out of mind," which has been translated to the Russian "Слепой идиот,"or "Blind idiot".
• Machine translation saw a setback in the 1960s.
• The emergence of third-generation computer systems in the 1970s spurred a renewed interest in machine translation.

Computer-Aided Translation (CAT)

• CAT systems are divided into two groups: machine-aided human translation (MAHT) and human-aided machine translation (HAMT).
• The difference between MAHT and HAMT is the roles of computers and human translators.
• MAHT uses the computer to type, grammar/spell check, look up words, get resources, consult information, and search things.
• HAMT automates translation but need human pre-editing/post-editing to prepare input text and translate output into another language.

Machine translation: advantages and disadvantages

• There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to machine translation

Translation and Interpreting

• The International Federation of Translators and the International Association of Conference Interpreters have defined the differences between written translation and interpreting.
• Consecutive interpreting entails delivering translation after listening to a speaker, giving time between the source and translation, and using note-taking or speedwriting instead of verbatim recording.
• Liaison interpreting is an informal form of interpreting used during visits by delegations or at small business meetings.
• Community interpreting takes place in the public service sphere, which enables ethnic minorities to access essential resources.
• Postponed consecutive interpreting, it is dictated from notes into a dictating machine or typed, allowing participants to consider the discourse and make appropriate decisions.
• Consecutive interpreters, or linear interpreters, provides translations in line with the source text, differentiating translation from simultaneous interpretation.

Simultaneous interpreting

• When simultaneously interpreting, the interpreter lags behind the speaker by about 2-3 seconds. Simultaneous interpreting it is usually employed at multi language meetings.
• Whispered interpreting (or chuchotage) involves an interpreter sitting near to someone and whispers the translated words to them
• Written translation is divided into subtypes such as visual translation, translation by ear (dictation-translation), and sight translation, done orally without prior reading.
• The key differences between written translation and interpreting.

Written Translation and Interpreting Differences

• Translators can refine their final work while interpreters do not have time to do so
• With written there is time for the translator to absorb terminological or other world knowledge, whereas interpreters rely on pre-existing knowledge.
• Translators can re-read texts.
• Interpreters must be more quick in their decisions compared to translators.
• Interpreting involves attention-sharing and time constraints with professionals producing about 300 words/hour versus simultaneous interpreters responding instantly at 9000 words/hour.

Functional Classification

• Depending on the source text's dominant function, translations fall into literary and informative groups.
• In literary translation, the poetic function of the text is essential, covering genres like fiction, prose, drama, and poetry, and necessitating copyright considerations.
• Informative translation covers texts in science, technology, official documentation, business communications, and media. These can possess expressive functions, but are predominantly informative.