Types of Translation: Lecture Slides

Types of translation:  Lesson Outline Types of translation: Classification Criteria Machine translation Translation and interpreting Functional classification  Classification Criteria There are some criteria for classifying translation: who does the translati...

Types of translation:  Lesson Outline Types of translation: Classification Criteria Machine translation Translation and interpreting Functional classification  Classification Criteria There are some criteria for classifying translation: who does the translation form of speech  source text perception time lapse between the source text perception and translation  number of languages in translation situation direction of translation: direct translation vs inverse translation  methods of interpreting functional style and genre of the text  Classification Criteria There are some criteria for classifying translation: Who does the translation: a human translator or by computer. Form of speech: translation as a written form, sight translation as the oral translation of written text, and interpreting as oral translation of oral discourse are differentiated; subtitling as visual translation involving the superimposition of written text onto the screen; dubbing, or the replacement of the original speech by a voice track which attempts to follow as closely as possible the timing, phrasing and lip movements of the original dialogue. Source text perception: a translator can see or hear the text. Time lapse between the source text perception and translation: consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. Number of languages in translation situation: one-way or two-way translation. Direction of translation: direct translation, that is, translation into the mother-tongue, and inverse translation, or translation into a foreign language. Methods of interpreting: note-taking interpretation, phrase-by-phrase interpretation Functional style and genre of the text: literary works and informative texts.  MACHINE TRANSLATION the Soviet engineer Petr Smirnov-Troyansky (1933 ) Warren Weaver who is credited as the founding father of Machine Translation (MT) research. The first demonstration of an MT system took place in 1954 in Georgetown University, U.S.A.  Machine translation is based on analysis and synthesis operations and has required many years of hard work and frustrations. Sometimes the end-product of the machine translation was so ridiculous (like Out of sight, out of mind. – Слепой идиот). In the 1960s there happened a machine translation ‘recession’. With third-generation computer systems emerging in the 1970s, interest in machine translation was revived. computer-aided translation (CAT) CAT systems are divided into two groups: machine-aided human human-aided machine translation (MAHT) translation (HAMT). What is the difference?  computer-aided translation (CAT) CAT systems are divided into two groups: machine-aided human human-aided machine translation (MAHT) translation (HAMT). The difference between the two lies in the roles of computer and human translator  MAHT VS HAMT In MAHT, a translator makes the translation, then uses the computer as a tool for typing, checking spelling, grammar, style; for printing the target text, for looking up words in electronic dictionaries and data bases, for getting references on CD-ROMs and other sources, for consulting about contexts, for discussing problems in the web, for searching a job, etc. In HAMT, the translation is automated, done by a computer but requiring the assistance of a human editor. There are two phases of human help: pre-editing and post-editing. In pre- editing, an operator (or a customer) prepares the text for input. A special computer translation program transfers the text from one language to another. Then a translator does the post-editing, mostly by correcting the word usage.  Machine translation: advantages and disadvantages. Machine translation has a number of advantages and disadvantages. What are they?  Translation and INTERPRETING Difference in written translation and interpreting has been fixed by the International Federation of Translators, the International Association of Conference Interpreters consecutive interpreting (conference interpreters) - deliver translation after listening to the speaker so that there are some time between the source language text and the translation. Use note-taking or speedwriting ( not a word-for-word recording of speech) liaison interpreting - most informal form of interpreting, typically used during visits of delegations or at small business meetings community interpreting - in public service sphere (a particularly vital service in communities with large numbers of ethnic minorities, enabling those minorities to access services where, due to the language barrier, they would otherwise find it difficult postponed consecutive interpreting NOT performed in the presence of the participants, but which is dictated from the interpreter’s notes into a dictating machine or typed, in case the participants have understood the speaker but want to think over the discourse to take appropriate decisions on it Consecutive interpreters are also called linear interpreters, for their translation is in line with the source text unlike simultaneous translation that overlaps the original speech.  simultaneous interpreting- the interpreter can lag behind the speaker not more than 2 or 3 seconds; usually employed at multi language meetings, so that conference participants can switch their headphones to the appropriate language channel. whispered interpreting (or chuchotage)- the interpreter sits between the participants and whispers his/her translation to them. written translation- divided into sub-varieties : a visual translation (a written text is before the translator’s eyes), translation by ear ( the translator listens to the text and writes the translation: dictation-translation), sight translation, (i.e. translation of the written text without preliminary reading, usually done orally). Written translation and interpreting Differences/Peculiarities ?  Written translation and interpreting Differences translators have time to polish their work, while interpreters have no time to refine their output any supplementary knowledge, for example terminological or world knowledge, can be acquired during written translation but has to be acquired prior to interpreting translators can re-read their texts, they do not have to memorize big segments, while interpreters are able to listen to the text but once interpreters have to make decisions much faster than translators unlike written translation, interpreting requires attention sharing and involves severe time constraints. Following the United Nations norms of six to eight pages of written translation per day, the professional translator typically produces about five words per minute or 300 words per hour. The simultaneous interpreter, in contrast, has to respond instantly at a rate of 150 words per minute or 9000 words per hour  FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION According to the dominating function of the source text, translations are divided into literary and informative groups. In literary translation, the poetic function of the text prevails. It is the translation of fiction prose, drama, and poetry. To translate a literary work, a translator should apply for the copyright Informative translation is the translation of texts on science, technology, official writings, business messages, newspaper and magazine articles, etc. These texts can also have an expressive function, but it is not dominating in the text. The prevailing function here is