MH: Chapter 14: Depressive Disorders (Part 2)

What is the mechanism of action of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

They increase levels of dopamine in the brain.
They decrease levels of serotonin in the brain.
They increase levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness, in the brain. (correct)
They block the uptake of norepinephrine in the brain.

Which of the following medications are classified as SSRIs? (Select all that apply)

Fluoxetine (Prozac) (correct)
Sertraline (Zoloft) (correct)
Escitalopram (Lexapro) (correct)
Paroxetine (Paxil) (correct)
Citalopram (Celexa) (correct)

What is one of the benefits of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

They are often effective in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. (correct)
They are often ineffective in reducing symptoms of depression.
They generally have more side effects than older antidepressants.
They are primarily used to treat physical illnesses.

Which of the following are possible side effects of SSRIs? (Select all that apply)

Nausea (A), Headaches (B), Sexual dysfunction (D), Insomnia or drowsiness (C), Weight gain (@) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)?

Increases the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are common SNRIs? (Select all that apply)

Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) (A), Duloxetine (Cymbalta) (B), Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) (C), Levomilnacipran (Fetzima) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of SNRIs?

They help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and chronic pain. (D), They are effective for individuals who do not respond to SSRIs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are possible side effects of SNRIs? (Select all that apply)

Dizziness (C), Increased sweating (D), Nausea (A), Dry mouth (B), Fatigue (@), Sexual dysfunction (@) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRIs)?

Primarily increases norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the brain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions are NDRIs commonly used to treat? (Select all that apply)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (C), Smoking cessation (D), Major depressive disorder (A) Signup and view all the answers

Common NDRIs include which of the following options?

Bupropion (Wellbutrin) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of NDRIs such as Bupropion compared to other antidepressants?

They have a unique mechanism which may help those who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are possible side effects of NDRIs? (Select all that apply)

Insomnia (A), Increased sweating (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?

Inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitters, notably serotonin and norepinephrine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are indications or benefits for Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)? (Select all that apply)

Anxiety disorders (B), Used for chronic pain conditions (C), Effective for major depressive disorder (A), Prescribed for migraines (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are common Tricyclic Antidepressants? (Select all that apply)

Amitriptyline (Elavil) (A), Nortriptyline (Pamelor) (B), Desipramine (Norpramin) (C), Doxepin (Silenor) (D), Imipramine (Tofranil) (@) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are potential side effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)? (Select all that apply)

Blurred vision (B), Weight gain (C), Dry mouth (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) often used with caution?

They can cause side effects and potential for overdose. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?

They inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Common MAOIs include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Phenelzine (Nardil) (A), Tranylcypromine (Parnate) (B), Isocarboxazid (Marplan) (C), Selegiline (Emsam) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an indication/benefit of MAOIs?

Effective for individuals with atypical depression (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are possible side effects of MAOIs? (Select all that apply)

Nausea (C), Dizziness or lightheadedness (A), Orthostatic hypotension (@) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods should be avoided when taking MAOIs due to their tyramine content? (Select all that apply)

Aged cheeses (A), Cured meats (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why should you avoid tyramine when taking an MAOI?

It can lead to hypertensive crisis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of a tyramine hypertensive crisis may include:

Nausea (C), Severe Headache (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is Serotonin Syndrome?

A potentially life-threatening condition resulting from an excess of serotonin in the brain. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are causes of serotonin syndrome? (Select all that apply)

Combining serotonergic medications (e.g., SSRIs with SNRIs, or adding an MAOI) (A), Taking medications or illicit drugs that increase serotonin levels (e.g., certain pain medications, St. John's Wort, or MDMA) (B), Increasing the dosage of a serotonergic medication too quickly (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are symptoms of serotonin syndrome? (Select all that apply)

Altered mental status (confusion, agitation, hallucinations) (A), Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) (C), Neuromuscular abnormalities (tremors, muscle rigidity, hyperreflexia) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing serotonin syndrome?

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the presence of symptoms and a history of serotonin-affecting medications. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the appropriate management strategies for serotonin syndrome? (Select all that apply)

Immediate medical attention (A), Discontinuing serotonergic medications (B), Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and medications to stabilize heart rate and blood pressure (C), Use of specific medications like cyproheptadine in severe cases (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) work?

It sends small electrical currents through the brain to induce a controlled seizure. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How frequently is ECT typically administered?

Two to three times a week (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are indications for Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)? (Select all that apply)

Severe depression with a risk of suicide (A), Depression with psychotic features (C), Acute mania in bipolar disorder (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in treating severe depression?

It can rapidly alleviate severe symptoms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

While ECT can be highly effective, it may also have side effects, including which of the following cognitive effects? (Select all that apply)

Confusion (C), Temporary memory loss (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are some physical side effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

All of the above (@) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) use to affect mood regulation?

It involves placing a magnetic coil on the scalp to generate magnetic pulses. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of a TMS session?

20 to 40 minutes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a standard course for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) treatment typically composed of?

Daily sessions (5 times per week) over several weeks (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) often indicated for?

Major Depressive Disorder (C) Signup and view all the answers

What have clinical studies shown about the effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for individuals with depressive symptoms who do not respond to other treatments?

TMS has been shown to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are some common side effects of TMS? (Select all that apply)

Discomfort or pain at the site of stimulation (A), Tinnitus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) focuses on identifying and modifying positive thought patterns and behaviors.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) addresses interpersonal relationships and social functioning to improve mood.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Mindfulness-Based Therapy incorporates mindfulness and acceptance strategies to help manage mood and decrease stress.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Psychodynamic Therapy explores future conflicts and emotions.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Regular exercise is not necessary to enhance the effectiveness of treatments for depressive disorders.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Healthy Nutrition: A balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables supports overall health.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can establishing a regular sleep routine impact mood and overall well-being?

It can improve mood and overall well-being. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques can help manage stress levels?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

MH: Chapter 14: Depressive Disorders (Part 2)

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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Which of the following medications are classified as SSRIs? (Select all that apply)

What is one of the benefits of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?

Which of the following are possible side effects of SSRIs? (Select all that apply)

What is the mechanism of action of Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)?

Which of the following are common SNRIs? (Select all that apply)

What are the benefits of SNRIs?

Which of the following are possible side effects of SNRIs? (Select all that apply)

What is the primary mechanism of action of Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (NDRIs)?

Which of the following conditions are NDRIs commonly used to treat? (Select all that apply)

Common NDRIs include which of the following options?

What is a benefit of NDRIs such as Bupropion compared to other antidepressants?

Which of the following are possible side effects of NDRIs? (Select all that apply)

What is the mechanism of action of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)?

Which of the following are indications or benefits for Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are common Tricyclic Antidepressants? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are potential side effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)? (Select all that apply)

Why are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) often used with caution?

What is the mechanism of action of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?

Common MAOIs include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following is an indication/benefit of MAOIs?

Which of the following are possible side effects of MAOIs? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following foods should be avoided when taking MAOIs due to their tyramine content? (Select all that apply)

Why should you avoid tyramine when taking an MAOI?

Symptoms of a tyramine hypertensive crisis may include:

What is Serotonin Syndrome?

Which of the following are causes of serotonin syndrome? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following are symptoms of serotonin syndrome? (Select all that apply)

What is the primary method for diagnosing serotonin syndrome?

What are the appropriate management strategies for serotonin syndrome? (Select all that apply)

How does Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) work?

How frequently is ECT typically administered?

Which of the following are indications for Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)? (Select all that apply)

What is a significant benefit of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in treating severe depression?

While ECT can be highly effective, it may also have side effects, including which of the following cognitive effects? (Select all that apply)

What are some physical side effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

What mechanism does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) use to affect mood regulation?

What is the typical duration of a TMS session?

What is a standard course for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) treatment typically composed of?

Which of the following conditions is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) often indicated for?

What have clinical studies shown about the effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for individuals with depressive symptoms who do not respond to other treatments?

What are some common side effects of TMS? (Select all that apply)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) focuses on identifying and modifying positive thought patterns and behaviors.

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) addresses interpersonal relationships and social functioning to improve mood.

Mindfulness-Based Therapy incorporates mindfulness and acceptance strategies to help manage mood and decrease stress.

Psychodynamic Therapy explores future conflicts and emotions.

Regular exercise is not necessary to enhance the effectiveness of treatments for depressive disorders.

Healthy Nutrition: A balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables supports overall health.

How can establishing a regular sleep routine impact mood and overall well-being?

Which of the following techniques can help manage stress levels?

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