قياس فاعلية المنظمة

Introduction to Organization Theory

• Organization theory is a method and tool for understanding organizations clearly and deeply.
• It includes models and arrangements for designing organizations and behaviors.
• These are tools for understanding organizations and how they work.
• Organizations are diverse and not similar.

Distinguishing Organization Theory from Organizational Behavior

• It's important to differentiate between organizational theory and organizational behavior.

Core Concepts in Organization Theory

• Understanding organizations and their purpose.
• Understanding the historical development of organizational theory, including classical, behavioral, and modern perspectives.
• Investigating how different schools of thought view the organization process, from traditional to modern perspectives (systems and quantitative approaches), and situational approaches
• Exploring contemporary concepts such as the knowledge-based perspective, institutional theory, and strategic approaches.
• Recognizing the importance of analyzing organizational situations to develop effective management strategies and adapt to changing environments.

Organization Theory Applications

• Organization theory is applicable to all types of organizations, whether for profit or non-profit.
• Successful case studies like General Motors and General Electric demonstrate the application of organizational paradigms in achieving significant structural transformations.
• The modern organizational revolution in GE is highlighted as a significant example.
• The theories discussed can assist individuals and organizations in comprehending and addressing their organizational requirements.

Organizational Effectiveness: Definition and Perspectives

• Organizational effectiveness is the extent to which an organization achieves its goals, often with a focus on survival.
• Emphasis shifted from single-criteria assessments to considering numerous metrics (e.g., output, profitability, quality, turnover).
• Evaluating organizational effectiveness involves using diverse criteria that range from general measures (like quality and morale) to specific ones (like accident rates and absences).

Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness

• Goal Attainment: Organizational effectiveness is measured by the extent to which organizational goals are achieved. This is closely linked to the management by objectives (MBO) approach.
• Systems Perspective: Effectiveness encompasses the organization's ability to acquire and maintain resources while interacting with its external environment.
• Strategic Elements: This approach focuses on satisfying the demands of essential stakeholders.
• Competing Values: Acknowledges varied priorities and preferences among individuals, with no single universally agreed-on effectiveness measure. This considers various cultural differences. Critically, the framework highlights individual preferences and perspectives in organizational assessments.

Organizational Life Cycle

• Organizations, like living things, have a life cycle that involves stages similar to birth, growth, maturity, and decline.
• Stages include: establishment, growth, maturity, expansion, and decline.

Organizational Structure

• Organizational structure shows formal relationships between departments and divisions.
• The organizational structure is a product of managerial decisions during the organizational process.
• Types of structural designs include simple, functional, divisional, and matrix structures.
• Factors like organizational environment, technology, strategy, size, and life cycle, as well as culture, impact design choices.
• Global competitiveness significantly influences organizational design.

Dimensions of Organizational Structure

• Key characteristics include complexity, formality and centralization.
• Other factors include administrative component, span of control, specialization, standardization.

Organizational Complexity

• Organizational complexity refers to the degree of differentiation and variation within an organization.
• Horizontal differentiation (job variety)
• Vertical differentiation, (organizational level)
• Geographical differentiation (location of units)

Organizational Environment

• The environment influences organizational responses and adaptability.
• Classifications based on comprehensiveness include general (macro) and specific (micro) environments.
• Other classifications include stable/dynamic, simple/complex, and external/internal.
• The relationship between the environment and organizational structure is reciprocal and complex.

Organizational Strategy

• Strategy is defining long-term goals, actions, and resource allocation.
• A well-defined strategy aligns an organization's mission, goals, and environment.
• It involves defining vision, mission, and actionable objectives.

Organizational Power and Control (Leadership influence

• Leaders have choice and impact on organizational structure
• Environmental factors, while influencing organizational choices, are mediated through strategic choices.
• Environmental awareness is crucial; however, perceived environments can differ significantly from actual ones.
• Effective leadership considers the needs and interests of multiple stakeholders.
• Understanding diverse power sources within the organization, beyond formal authority, is essential.
• Rational decision-making in organizations involves a process of defining a problem, identifying potential solutions, and selecting the optimal choices, but is not always the case.
• Identifying the dominant coalition is crucial as they drive organizational choices, though these choices may not align perfectly with organizational goals.
• The nature of strategic choices significantly impacts the design and implementation of organizational structures.

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