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Questions and Answers

What type of acceleration is caused by a change in the spacing between streamlines?

Temporal acceleration
Convective tangential acceleration (correct)
Convective normal acceleration
Local normal acceleration

In fluid dynamics, what condition is necessary for the existence of a velocity potential?

Viscous flow
Ideal and rotational flow
Turbulent flow
Ideal and irrotational flow (correct)

Which of the following expressions correctly represents one of the rotational components in fluid dynamics?

$w_x = \frac{1}{2} (\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial w}{\partial z})$ (correct)
$w_z = \frac{1}{2} (\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial y})$
$w_x = \frac{1}{2} (\frac{\partial w}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial v}{\partial z})$
$w_y = \frac{1}{2} (\frac{\partial u}{\partial z} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial x})$

A soil sample is determined to have a bulk unit weight of 20 kN/m³, a water content of 15%, and a specific gravity of solids of 2.7. What is the dry unit weight of the soil?

17.39 kN/m³ (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a fluid particle is moving along a curved path, what type of acceleration is present?

Both normal and tangential acceleration (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fluid flow and velocity potential, how is the direction of flow related to the potential function?

Flow is in the direction of decreasing potential. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of soil is typically deposited by wind action?

Aeolian Soil (D) Signup and view all the answers

A soil sample has a void ratio of 0.75. Calculate the porosity of the soil.

42.9% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would predominantly involve temporal acceleration?

Fluid oscillating back and forth in a fixed space. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of an 'equipotential line' in fluid dynamics?

It connects points with the same velocity potential. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A saturated soil sample has a water content of 40% and the specific gravity of solids is 2.7. Determine the void ratio of the soil.

1.08 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the air content of a soil sample if its degree of saturation is 60%?

40% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Consider the acceleration components of a fluid particle. If the convective acceleration is zero, what does this imply?

The velocity of the fluid particle is constant along its pathline. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the relationship between porosity (n) and void ratio (e)?

$e = \frac{n}{1 - n}$ (A) Signup and view all the answers

A soil sample has a bulk unit weight of 18 kN/m³ and a dry unit weight of 15 kN/m³. What is the approximate water content of the soil?

20% (C) Signup and view all the answers

If the air content of a soil is 0.3 and the porosity is 0.5, what is the degree of saturation?

0.4 (B) Signup and view all the answers

A cement sample is found to have a high percentage of Alumina (Al2O3). Which of the following is the MOST likely consequence?

Quicker setting time. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A concrete mix design is being developed for a structure in a region with significant exposure to freeze-thaw cycles. Which type of cement would be LEAST suitable based solely on the information provided?

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with high magnesia content. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A construction project requires a cement type that provides increased resistance to sulfate attack. Considering the information available, which cement type would be MOST appropriate?

Portland Pozzolana cement (fly ash based). (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a contractor requires quick setting and early strength gain in cold weather conditions, which cement type would be the MOST suitable choice?

Rapid Hardening Portland Cement. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A concrete structure exhibits signs of efflorescence. Based on the chemical composition of cement raw materials, which component, if present in excess, is the MOST likely cause?

Soda and Potash (Na2O and K2O). (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is a destructive method used for assessing the quality of hardened concrete?

Splitting Tensile Strength Test. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A concrete mix is being designed for a marine environment. Which of the listed cement types would offer the BEST protection against chloride attack?

Portland Pozzolana cement (fly ash based). (D) Signup and view all the answers

During the manufacturing of cement, a higher proportion of which oxide, within acceptable limits, would contribute MOST to the 'color' and 'fusion' of the ingredients?

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) (D) Signup and view all the answers

A hydraulic jump is observed with an initial depth $y_1$ and a subsequent depth $y_2$. If the critical depth $y_c$ is expressed as $y_c = \frac{y_1 y_2 (y_1 + y_2)}{2}$, what does this indicate about the nature of the hydraulic jump?

The jump is undular with minimal energy dissipation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

For a turbine with a specific speed ($N_S$) calculated using $N_S = \frac{N \sqrt{P}}{H^{5/4}}$, how would increasing the head ($H$) and maintaining the same power ($P$) affect the turbine's required speed ($N$) to maintain the same specific speed?

N would need to decrease proportionally to $H^{5/4}$. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In comparing impulse and reaction turbines, which characteristic distinctly differentiates reaction turbines from impulse turbines?

Reaction turbines experience a pressure drop throughout their operation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A hydroelectric plant is being designed for a site with a high head and a relatively low discharge. Which type of turbine is most suitable for this application?

Pelton Wheel (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason a draft tube is used in reaction turbines but not in impulse turbines?

To recover pressure energy at the turbine outlet, increasing efficiency. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A pump is being selected for a water supply project. The specific speed ($N_S$) of the pump is calculated using the formula $N_S = \frac{N \sqrt{Q}}{(H_m)^{3/4}}$. If the desired flow rate ($Q$) is doubled and the head ($H_m$) remains constant, how should the pump's rotational speed ($N$) be adjusted to maintain the same specific speed?

N should be divided by $\sqrt{2}$. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hydraulic jump is characterized by an energy loss of approximately 60% and exhibits a distinct roller and jump action?

Steady Jump (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where the available water head is relatively low (less than 30m) and a high discharge is required. Which turbine would be most appropriate?

Kaplan turbine (C) Signup and view all the answers

A cohesive soil exhibits active earth pressure. If $C$ represents cohesion, $\gamma$ the unit weight of soil, $z$ the depth, and $K_a$ the coefficient of active earth pressure, what does $Z_c$ represent when passive earth pressure ($P_a$) equals zero?

The depth of tension crack in cohesive soil in active state. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A soil specimen is subjected to vertical and horizontal stresses. The ratio of horizontal stress ($\sigma_h$) to vertical stress ($\sigma_v$) is denoted as $K_0$. If the Poisson's ratio ($\mu$) of the soil is 0.3, what is the value of $K_0$?

0.43 (A) Signup and view all the answers

A strip footing, a circular footing, and a square footing are all placed on the same soil and subjected to identical loading conditions. Which of the following statements accurately ranks their ultimate bearing capacities?

Square > Circular > Strip (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major purpose of conducting a plate load test in the field?

To estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of the foundation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

During a plate load test on a sandy soil, a plate of width $B_p$ settles by $S_p$. If a footing of width $B_f$ is to be constructed on the same soil, what would be the estimated settlement $S_f$ of the footing under the same load intensity?

$S_f = S_p \times ((B_f + 0.3) / (B_p + 0.3))^2$ (B) Signup and view all the answers

A shallow square footing is designed with dimensions B x B. Which formula accurately calculates the ultimate bearing capacity ($q_{ult}$) of this footing, considering cohesion (C), soil unit weight ($\gamma$), depth of footing ($D_f$), and bearing capacity factors ($N_c$, $N_q$, $N_{\gamma}$)?

$q_{ult} = 1.3 CN_c + \gamma D_f N_q + 0.4 \gamma B N_{\gamma}$ (D) Signup and view all the answers

A geotechnical engineer is tasked with determining the net safe bearing capacity ($q_{ns}$) of a soil. Which of the following expressions correctly defines $q_{ns}$, where $q_u$ is the ultimate bearing capacity, $\gamma$ is the unit weight of the soil, $D_f$ is the depth of the footing, and F is the factor of safety?

$q_{ns} = (q_u - \gamma D_f) / F$ (B) Signup and view all the answers

A foundation with dimensions A is subjected to a uniform pressure q, causing an elastic settlement S. If $k$ represents a constant related to the soil properties and $(1-\mu^2)$ accounts for Poisson's ratio effect and E is the Young's Modulus, which equation defines the relationship?

$S = k \times q \times A \times (1 - \mu^2) / E$ (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes clamp burning from kiln burning in brick manufacturing?

Clamp burning involves a temporary structure and lower initial costs, whereas kiln burning uses a permanent structure and higher initial costs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of brick manufacturing, what is a primary advantage of using a kiln over a clamp?

Shorter burning and cooling times, resulting in faster production cycles. (B) Signup and view all the answers

When is clamp burning a more suitable option than kiln burning for brick manufacturing?

When the budget for initial setup is very limited. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the control of fire differ between clamp and kiln burning methods?

In kiln burning, the fire is regulated throughout the process of burning. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the potentially lower cost of clamp burning compared to kiln burning?

The use of readily available fuels like grass and cow dung. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a brick manufacturer prioritizes minimizing heat wastage, which burning method is more suitable and why?

Kiln burning, because it reuses hot fuel gases to preheat raw bricks. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directly affects the higher percentage of good quality bricks produced in kiln burning compared to clamp burning?

The ability to carefully regulate the fire in kilns. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A brick manufacturer needs to produce 50,000 bricks within a month. Considering only the burning and cooling times, which method is more appropriate?

Kiln burning, as it offers faster burning and cooling cycles. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alluvial Soil

Soil transported and deposited by rivers.

Marine Soil

Soil transported and deposited by seawater.