Kingdom Plantae: Overview and Classification

Kingdom Plantae Overview

• Kingdom Plantae primarily consists of eukaryotic organisms.
• Most organisms in this kingdom are multicellular.
• Primarily photosynthetic autotrophs
• Possess cell walls mainly composed of cellulose.
• Contain diverse pigments enabling them to trap light energy for photosynthesis.
• The understanding & classification of Kingdom Plantae have evolved over time.
• Carolus Linnaeus classified all organisms into two kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia.
• His classification placed organisms with cell walls in Plantae & those without in Animalia.
• Early Plant classification included bacteria, fungi, and various other organisms.
• Over time, these organisms were reclassified and removed from Kingdom Plantae.
• Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), once considered plants, are now classified under Kingdom Monera.
• Fungi, initially members of Kingdom Plantae, are now recognized as a separate kingdom.
• Divided into five main categories, arranged from simple to complex.

Five Categories of Plants

• Algae are the simplest plant form.
• Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

Bryophytes

• Bryophytes can survive on land but depend on water for sexual reproduction.

Pteridophytes

• Pteridophytes reproduce using spores.

Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperms (gymnos = naked, sperma = seed) have uncovered seeds (without fruit).

Angiosperms

• Angiosperms have enclosed seeds (covered by fruit) and are often referred to as flowering plants.
• Angiosperms are considered the most complex plant category.
• They exhibit a wide range of structural diversity and can be found in various habitats.
• Classifying complex plants is very crucial.

Classification of Angiosperms

• Due to their diversity, focus is given to angiosperm classification.
• Various systems have been developed for angiosperm classification.

Artificial System of Classification (Linnaeus)

• Linnaeus developed this system which is the earliest system for classifying angiosperms
• It categorizes angiosperms based on gross morphological characters.
• It looks at the plant’s habit.
• It uses vegetative characters: Root, stem, leaf, shape, and leaf color.
• It takes into account sexual characteristics
• An example of a focus on morphology is the androiocium structure is important, the male sexual part. It looks at how many stamens there are.
• However, vegetative characters are easily affected by environmental factors thus this is not a good criteria
• It put too much importance on sexual and vegetative characters leading to it being discarded.

Natural System (Bentham & Hooker)

• Based on natural affinities; liking to be similar
• Taking into account Morphology
• Taking into account Anatomy
• Taking into account Ultrastructure or cell arrangement
• Taking into account Embryology or how the plant prepares its embryo.
• Taking into account Phytochemistry (Plant chemistry, chemical makeup of a plant)

Phylogenetic System (Engler & Prantl)

• The most accepted system
• Based on Evolutionary Relationships
• Organisms of the same taxa have the same common ansestor.
• Compare the data of organisms like DNA
• There is Cytotaxanomy focusing on Cell characteristics like chromosome behaviors and number, and structure
• There is Chemotaxonomy focused on chemicals unique to the plants like spices
• There is numerical taxonomy which takes into account and numerically scores all characters of plants to create comparison scores.
• There is a demerit to numerical taxonomy, which is how its fake due to the fact everything is assigned an equal numeric, an important thing and an unimportant thin cannot be correctly scored with this methodology.

Plant Category Traits

Algae Traits

• Body makeup up of thalloid
• Have stems like structures
• Have root like structures
• Have leaf like structures
• Usually have a predominately Haploid makeup called gamentophytic.
• They often rely of fragmenation for reproduction, a type of asexual reproduction
• There three primary algal types green, brown, red and they follow in a sequence of compllexity

Main plant Body Traits

• Is generally Haploid for algae.
• Is generally Haploid for Bryophytes
• Is generally Diploid for Pteridophytes
• Is generally Diploid for Gymnsperms
• Is generally Diploid for Angiosperms

Life Cycle

• Is generally Gamentophytic meaning its a haploid makeup for Algae
• Is generally Gamentophytic meaning its a haploid makeup for Bryophytes
• Is generally Sporophytic meaning its a deploid makeup for Pteridophytes
• Is generally Sporophytic meaning its a deploid makeup for Gymnosperms
• Is generally Sporophytic meaning its a deploid makeup for Angiosperms

Food Production

• Haploid for algae
• Haploid for Bryophytes
• P for Pteridophytes, and thus this case is special and different, and there is food creation by BOTH, Gamentophytic and Sporophytic phases.
• Diploid fo Gymnosperms
• Diploid Angiosperms

Vascular Tissues: Xylem and Phloem

• Absencent in Algae
• Absent in Bryophytes
• Present in Pteridophytes
• Present in Gymnosperms
• Present in Angiosperms

Algae Overview

• Green due to photosynthesis
• Aquatic, commonly found in water, both fresh and marin.
• Can often be found with moist soil
• Algae can be associated with other organisms symbiotically
• When with fungi, algae called "lichens"
• Can also form associations animals like sloths
• Show a wide range in variable sizes
• Can have a smaller sizes like Chlamydomonas
• Can have a bigger sizes like Kelps, which has heights of upto 100 meters long
• Can be colonial like volvox
• Can be filamentous such as spirogyra and ulothrix

Algae Reproduction

• By framentation sexually
• Asexually, algae can reproduce through flagellated zoospores of cells, which have flagella. Most common
• Sexually they can reproduce by fusion of gametes.

Gametes in Algae

• Can be isogamous meaning the gametes are same to look at
• Can be anisogamous meaning the gametes are different to look at
• Can be oogamous meaning the the male gamete is smaller and motile and the female is bigger and non-motile.

Gamete Examples

• Isogamous with flagella can be found in Ulothrix
• Isagamous without Flagella can be found in Spirogyra
• Anisogamous can be found in Eudorina
• Oogamous can be found in Volvox and Fucus

Economic Important of Algae

• Algae perform about half of the CO2 fixation on earth.
• Algae act as aquatic producers, starting the food chain
• Are a nutrition source especially the species: Laminaria, Porphyra, and Sargassum
• Algae produce hydrocolloids substances thatold onto water like algin from brown algae and carrageenan from red algae
• Agar an imporant source for solidfying bacterial media is created from Gracilara and Gelidium.
• High protein comes from Chlorella

Algae Classifacation

Chlorophyceae Algae-Green

• "Grass Green" due to amounts of Chlorophyll A and B

Phaeophyceae Algae - Brown

• Has chlorophyll A and C in addition to carotenoids and xanthophyll. It also has fucozanithm for color

Rhodophyceae Algae - Red

• It has the phycobilins called phycoerythrin which is red

Food Storage in Algae

• General plants store food as Starch
• Brown algae store food as Marine Itol as Lemarin, and the pneumonic to rememebr this the abbreviation for liquid measurements ML
• Red algae food is known is Floridian starch which is branched, which is similar to glycogen in animals.

Cell Wall Differences

• In green Algae it is general cell wall, cellulolse cellolose and pectin.
• In Brown algae the cell wall is cellulolse AND algin, because thats what it makes.
• In Red algae the cellulolse is a polysulfate ester.

Flagella Differences

Chlorophyceae Algae-Green

• Has 2 to 8 flagella
• It is equally sizes flagella
• Has apical flagella

Phaeophyceae Algae - Brown

• Has Pears shaped gametes called pyrifoms with 2 uneven flagella
• The flagella come from the laterial position

Rhodophyceae Algae - Red

• is absent of flagella

Habitat Differences

Chlorophyceae Algae-Green

• has fresh and marine and brackish water options in habitat.

Phaeophyceae Algae - Brown

• has brackish and marine water options in habitat

Rhodophyceae Algae - Red

• Is typically marine in habitat mostly at warmer conditions

Vegetative reproduction

• Are by fragmentation in all the algae

Asexual reproduction

• Is through zoospores in green algae
• Is through zoospores with two flagella in brown algae
• Is through use of use spores that are non-motile and have non flagella

Sexual Reproduction

• Can be Isogamous
• Can be an Anisogamous
• Can be an Oogamous
• Brown and Red Algae use non-motile gametes

Algae Examples

• Use the Classi Car SUV pnenomonic to remember green algae
• Chlamydomonas- Clasi name
• Chlorella - "Car" name
• Spirogyra- "SUV" name the S
• Ulothrix - "SUV" name the U
• Volvox-"SUV" name the V

To remember Brown algae use pneumonic SLF Defence:

• Fucus F
• Ectocarpus E
• Laminaria L
• Sargassum S

For Red Algae, use the name P.G. P.G:

• Gelidium
• Gracilaria
• Poly
• Porphyra,

Food Specifics Algae

• pyrenoids store food on their chloroplasts with protein in the center and starch on the outside of the cell

Phaeophyceae Algae/ General

Brown

• Fertilzation can happen in water or ogonium

Rodophyceae Algae/ General

Red

• Red algae can live in the ocean depths.
• Are typically multicellular
• Post fertilization events are more complex

Bryophites Overview

• Liverwort and MOSSes are Bryophites
• The plant is amphibians being the the need for water during sex
• Often found in moist areas of the hill side
• Soil Binders, used to prevent soil erosion in rainy environments
• Structure on rhizoids that can be: unicellular and unbranched or multicellular and branched
• Mosses being superior organism will have multi and branched rhyzoids
• ALL listed Economic Important is with Mosses

MOSS specific

• Sphegnum is used as PETE moss to protect things during shipping
• Important for plants succession, especially when soil is trying to develop
• Also important for preventing erosion in soils without plant life.

Bryophyte Reproduction

• Has Male and Female sex are multicellular and both are haploid
• Male sex parts are called Anthreridium which releases Antherozoids with 2 flagella from mitosis
• Female Sex parts are Archregounium with the Egg also produces from Mitosis
• Entherozoids come to the eggs , the Zygote is developed and become the Sporophyte which develops at the foot, Seeta and CAP.
• Spores germinate to create Bryophytes new bodies
• Depends on the heploid Cells for their nurture.
• Liverwort (Bryophyte Name)

LiverWort Overview

• Prefers wet stream land.
• Body makeup is thalloid where the dorsal and ventral sides are different.
• Is found flat on land
• Has specialized gamete structures with Gema Cups which have multicellular asexually productive buds.

LiverWort Sexual Reproduction

• From mitosis, it can have different Thalos both both make Sex parts.
• Sperm fuses with eggs inside the archgonium at foot, seat and cap.
• The Seeta and Foot and Cap cell create spores after meiosis.

Moss Overview

• Spores are born from the ProTeneMa at multi-cellular stage.
• Spores germinate as haploid stages
• The first product is filaments, branch, creep, and green in color.
• The secondary product is a branch with lateral buds
• From branching the Bodes are delivered by the branching for spreading.
• Have leaf like structure and have specialized sex parts in shoots.

Pteridophytes (Terrain Family Plant)

Terrains Overview

• Tele and Feris are parts of the Ptarads
• Are excellent soild binders
• Are good ornamentals being used as adornments
• Cool, damp and shady places are its homes.
• Water as soild binders.
• Micropiles for little leafs, examples are Selaginella; Macro for bigger as the ferns.
• Have CONE for compacting. Comapacting for compacting sporfils
• Hetero Spourus can come from this location, a concept borrowed from seed bearing habits.
• HeteroSpours, small spores (micro) becomes Male and larger (maco) becomes female gametes.

Ptarads

Terrains Reproduction Part

• Micro pours help the Male gametes.
• FEMALES become important.
• Develop inside the female and are maintained making is last long
• variable release for the female spore.
• Salogenella, and Salivia

Different Classifications of TRads- Terrains

• PSY PTERO LICO for quick list, with exception no need to worry about table.
• Cylo-Cylobes
• EX -EQUIE
• PTERP -TRAD
• Lyps- Lycon
• Main parts in TRADs
• Have Diploud steams and leafs.
• The Sporengea has spores and they explode.

Life Cycle TRADS TERRAINS.

• Some CELL called SMC is created that undergoes meosis and produces spores.
• Gami- To is made from the sporophyte that is green
• PROs pro-pro
• In TRAD all parts are separate except some
• Water allows spores to go.
• Spore create a Zygote
• Game - the sporangia not stay on the sperm and is discarded
• PRED
• This gives a preview of what a need making female more important for holding all parts.

Gymnosperm (Seed Naked Family)

TRADS

• No fruit as there no ovary in the OVULES

Gymnosperm/ General

• Tall shrubs and trees
• tap roots which goes dep to ground
• Pinus which associates with Funguses
• Cyrus which associated Signa bacteria
• Can be Braced and unbrazed
• Can bear high altitudes and Humid
• Can stand a tornado
• Can be Needle

Gymnosperms-Spores

• Heteros
• Cone, Small is Male, Large is female

Structure of sperm gymno

• Micro pours create grain of grains for distribution/
• female spores have coverings: out and IN
• There will be cell called newselles and inside the cell will become mother mega-spore, undergo process and result.