Questions and Answers
To which group may the plant observed by Radha belong?
Angiosperms
Angiosperms differ from Gymnosperms in having __________.
vessels in wood
Match the following terms to their correct group.
How would you place pea, jawar, and fern at their proper systematic position?
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Stored food in Rhodophyceae is __________.
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Identify the plant groups based on the following features:
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What should you observe in the practical project for the Nephrolepis plant?
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What should you study regarding Cycas?
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Why do we call plants producers on land?
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What are the differences between sub-kingdoms Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae?
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Differentiate between Thallophytes and Bryophytes.
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Give any two examples of Pteridophyta.
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What are the three major groups of Cryptogams?
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Name the accessory pigments of algae.
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What are the salient features of algae?
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Differentiate between Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae.
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Which is the dominant phase in Pteridophytes?
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Why are Bryophyta called amphibians of Plant Kingdom?
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Pteridophytes are also known as vascular Cryptogams - Justify.
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Give one example of aquatic and xerophytic Pteridophytes.
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The tallest living gymnosperm among the following is?
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What are the salient features of Angiospermae?
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What is double fertilization?
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Explain in brief two classes of Angiospermae?
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Distinguish between Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae based on the following characters: a. Type of roots, b. Venation in the leaves, c. Symmetry of flower.
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What is alternation of generations?
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Which phase is dominant in the life cycle of Bryophyta and Pteridophyta?
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Study Notes
Kingdom Plantae
- Classified into two sub-kingdoms: Cryptogamae (spore-producing plants) and Phanerogamae (seed-producing plants)
Sub-kingdom Cryptogamae
- Divided into three divisions: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta
- Thallophyta (algal division):
- Examples: Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara, and Sargassum
- Characteristics: unicellular or multicellular, aquatic, and thalloid (undifferentiated plant body)
- Bryophyta (mosses):
- Examples: Riccia, Marchantia, and Funaria
- Characteristics: terrestrial, thalloid or leafy, and amphibious (need water for fertilization and completion of life cycle)
- Divided into two groups: liverworts and mosses
- Pteridophyta (fern-like plants):
- Examples: Ferns, Horsetail, and Lycopodium
- Characteristics: vascular, heteromorphic alternation of generations, and terrestrial
- Divided into four classes: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida
Sub-kingdom Phanerogamae
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Divided into two classes: Gymnospermae and Angiospermae
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Gymnospermae:
- Examples: Cycas, Pinus, and Ginkgo biloba
- Characteristics: vascular, naked seeds, and evergreen shrubs or trees
- Plant body is sporophyte, with Xylem and Phloem
- Stem is erect, solid, and cylindrical, with secondary growth
- Leaves are dimorphic (foliage leaves and scale leaves)
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Angiospermae:
- Examples: Hibiscus, Peepal, Canna, and Tulsi
- Characteristics: vascular, seeds enclosed within the fruit, and heteromorphic alternation of generations
- Divided into two classes: Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae
- Monocotyledonae:
- Characteristics: single cotyledon in embryo, adventitious root system, and rarely branched stem
- Dicotyledonae:
- Characteristics: two cotyledons in embryo, tap root system, and branched stem### Angiosperms
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Angiosperms are flowering plants with seeds formed in megasporangia (or ovules) borne on highly specialized megasporophylls called carpels.
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They have conjoint, collateral, and closed vascular bundles in their stems.
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Flowers are generally trimerous, with essential whorls of microsporophylls (Androecium) and megasporophylls (Gynoecium), and accessory whorls of calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals).
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Angiosperms are subdivided into two classes: Dicotyledonae (Dicots) and Monocotyledonae (Monocots).
Dicotyledonae (Dicots)
- Characterized by two cotyledons in their embryo.
- Tap root system and branched stem.
- Leaves show reticulate venation and flowers have tetra- or pentamerous symmetry.
- Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, and open, with cambium present for secondary growth.
- Examples: Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose).
Monocotyledonae (Monocots)
- Characterized by one cotyledon in their embryo.
- Fibrous root system and unbranched stem.
- Leaves show parallel venation and flowers have trimerous symmetry.
- Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, and closed, with no cambium for secondary growth.
- Examples: Zea mays (maize), Sorghum vulgare (jowar).
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
- Gymnosperms and Angiosperms differ in that Angiosperms have enclosed seeds, whereas Gymnosperms have naked seeds.
- Angiosperms have a more complex reproductive structure with carpels and stamens, whereas Gymnosperms have simpler reproductive structures with cones.
Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- A plant's life cycle includes two phases: sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid).
- The sporophytic and gametophytic generations alternate in the life cycle of a plant.
- In Bryophytes and Pteridophytes, the gametophyte is dominant, whereas in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, the sporophyte is dominant.
- The life cycle can be haplontic, diplontic, or haplo-diplontic, depending on the dominant phase.
Life Cycle Types
- Haplontic: Haploid multicellular organism, mitosis occurs in haploid cells, and zygote is formed after fertilization.
- Diplontic: Diploid multicellular organism, mitosis occurs in diploid cells, and gametes are formed through meiosis.
- Haplo-diplontic: Both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms, mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge about Kingdom Plantae, including why plants are called producers and the differences between sub-kingdoms Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae.
