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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of amylase?
What is the primary function of amylase?
In a closed circulatory system, blood is not contained within vessels.
In a closed circulatory system, blood is not contained within vessels.
False
What role do platelets play in the circulatory system?
What role do platelets play in the circulatory system?
Aid in blood clotting
The __________ system collects excess fluid from the capillaries and drains it.
The __________ system collects excess fluid from the capillaries and drains it.
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Match the components of blood with their functions:
Match the components of blood with their functions:
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Which type of symmetry has body parts arranged around a central axis?
Which type of symmetry has body parts arranged around a central axis?
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All members of Kingdom Protista are exclusively autotrophic.
All members of Kingdom Protista are exclusively autotrophic.
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What are the main methods of movement found in protists?
What are the main methods of movement found in protists?
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In binary fission, bacteria duplicate their genetic material and __________ it between two daughter cells.
In binary fission, bacteria duplicate their genetic material and __________ it between two daughter cells.
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Match the following bacterial shapes with their names:
Match the following bacterial shapes with their names:
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What is a defining characteristic of protostomes?
What is a defining characteristic of protostomes?
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The lysogenic cycle involves a dormant phase.
The lysogenic cycle involves a dormant phase.
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What is the significance of the endosymbiosis theory in cell evolution?
What is the significance of the endosymbiosis theory in cell evolution?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Bacteria domain?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Bacteria domain?
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The first generation of offspring in genetics is known as the __________ generation.
The first generation of offspring in genetics is known as the __________ generation.
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Mosses are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds.
Mosses are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds.
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What type of cell walls do fungi have?
What type of cell walls do fungi have?
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The dominant generation in ferns is the ______.
The dominant generation in ferns is the ______.
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Match the plant types with their characteristics:
Match the plant types with their characteristics:
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Which domain contains organisms that are eukaryotic and can be multicellular?
Which domain contains organisms that are eukaryotic and can be multicellular?
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What produces gametes in the gametophyte generation?
What produces gametes in the gametophyte generation?
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What type of selection favors one extreme phenotype over others?
What type of selection favors one extreme phenotype over others?
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The biological concept of species relies on morphological characteristics alone.
The biological concept of species relies on morphological characteristics alone.
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What phenomenon often follows mass extinction events?
What phenomenon often follows mass extinction events?
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The primary site of water absorption in the digestive system is the ______.
The primary site of water absorption in the digestive system is the ______.
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Match the following types of selection with their descriptions:
Match the following types of selection with their descriptions:
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What is a key condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is a key condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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Current extinction rates are lower than natural background rates.
Current extinction rates are lower than natural background rates.
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What is peristalsis?
What is peristalsis?
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Match the digestive system structures to their functions:
Match the digestive system structures to their functions:
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What is a nondisjunction disorder?
What is a nondisjunction disorder?
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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can solely lead to ecological disruption.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can solely lead to ecological disruption.
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Name the two pairings of nitrogen bases in DNA.
Name the two pairings of nitrogen bases in DNA.
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In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated by their ______.
In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated by their ______.
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Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
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What is a positive impact of GMOs?
What is a positive impact of GMOs?
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Genetic drift is a process that always favors the higher fitness traits in a population.
Genetic drift is a process that always favors the higher fitness traits in a population.
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What is the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
What is the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
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Natural selection is the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics ______ in their environment.
Natural selection is the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics ______ in their environment.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of comparative embryology?
Which of the following is a characteristic of comparative embryology?
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Study Notes
Classification
- Most general classification levels are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
- Know the three domains: Bacteria (prokaryotic, single-celled, cell walls with peptidoglycan, autotrophic and heterotrophic, no membrane-bound nucleus), Archaea (same as bacteria except cell walls lack peptidoglycan), and Eukarya (eukaryotic, single or multicellular, membrane-bound nucleus, divided into four kingdoms).
Kingdom Plantae
- Green algae (found in ponds/lakes, no alternation of generations, non-vascular).
- Mosses (no seeds, non-vascular, gametophyte is dominant).
- Ferns (vascular, sporophyte is dominant, no seeds).
- Seed plants (vascular, seeds, plants embryos contained inside an ovary; pollen are small male gametophytes, enclosed seeds).
- Flowering plants (vascular, seeds inside an ovary, flowers attract animals/insects for pollination).
- Diploid sporophyte (produces spores, tough coat enabling survival in unfavorable conditions).
- Haploid gametophyte (produces gametes; fuse with another gamete to form a zygote).
Kingdom Fungi
- Cell walls made of chitin.
- Mostly multicellular, but can be unicellular.
- Break down organic matter into nutrients.
Kingdom Protista
- Know general characteristics of this group (often considered a "junk drawer").
Kingdom Animalia
- Blastopore (mouth first opening of digestive tract) - Protostome vs. Deuterostome (anus first opening of digestive tract)
- Body symmetry types: Asymmetrical (no distinct shape), Radial (body parts arranged around a central axis, no front/back), Bilateral (mirror image of right and left sides).
Bacteria
- Know methods of reproduction: Sexual (conjugation, transduction, transformation ) , Asexual (binary fission).
- Types and shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirillum, diplo, strepto, staphlo).
Viruses
- Replication methods (lytic - host cell bursts; lysogenic - virus DNA/RNA integrates into host cell DNA, host cell DNA replicates incorporating viral DNA, which can later trigger lytic stage).
Genetics
- Know punnett squares (dihybrid, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles (blood types) first generation/offspring, second generation/offspring).
- Law of Independent Assortment (alleles of different genes are distributed to gametes independently).
- Mitosis and meiosis stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
Meiosis
- Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
- Prophase I: Crossing over occurs.
- Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.
- Telophase I: Two haploid cells form.
- Meiosis II : Sister chromatids separate
- Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again, nuclear membrane disappears, and the spindle fibers appear.
- Metaphase II: Chromosomes align in the middle.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
- Telophase II: The nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into four genetically unique haploid cells.
- result :Mitosis - 2 identical diploid daughter cells. Meiosis - 4 genetically unique haploid cells.
Genes
- Gene: portion of DNA that codes
- Allele: version of a gene
- Heterozygous: each allele is different (Pp)
- Homozygous: both alleles are the same (PP)
- Phenotype: physical appearance (ex. Purple)
- Genotype: genetic makeup (ex. Pp)
Nondisjunction disorders
- Errors in chromosome distribution during meiosis.
GMOs
- Genetically modified organisms.
- Positives: Increased crop yields, pest resistance.
- Negatives: Environmental concerns, health risks.
Evolution
- Fossils: Evidence of extinction.
- Geographic distribution: Closely related species often have similar habitats; distantly related species often have similar habitats globally.
- Comparative anatomy: Homologous (common ancestor, different functions), Analogous (similar functions, different ancestor).
- Vestigial structures: Structures with little/no function, vestiges of an ancestor's traits.
- Comparative embryology: Embryos of closely related organisms show similar stages of development.
- Molecular biology: Sequencing genes reveal relationships among species; evolutionary relationships.
- Divergent evolution: Evolution from a common ancestor to diverse species.
- Natural selection: Process by which individuals with advantageous traits survive, reproduce, and pass on their traits to offspring.
- Gene pool: All the alleles in a population.
- Genetic drift: Random changes in gene pool (more impactful in small populations).
- Bottleneck effect: Population size decreases rapidly.
- Founder effect: Small group of individuals move out and start new population.
- Mimicry: One species evolves to resemble another.
- Cumulative selection: Small advantageous changes accumulate over time, leading to significant evolutionary adaptations.
- Darwin and Lyell. - Darwin: natural selection drives evolution, organisms with better traits survive, reproduce, and pass traits to offspring; Lyell: Popularized and expanded Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism, the earth took millions of years to develop
- Reproductive barriers: hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability, reproductive/behavioral, geographic, habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gamete isolation
- Types of selection: Stabilizing (average trait is favored), Directional (one extreme trait is favored), Disruptive (extreme traits are favored).
- Definitions of Mass Extinctions and what happens after.
Animal Systems (Digestive)
- Nutrients like carbohydrates.
- Digestive system diagrams and functions
- Understand constipation and related factors.
- Enzymes and their roles in digestion
Animal Systems (Circulatory)
- Blood (parts, structure, and function); platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma.
- Open vs Closed circulatory systems.
- Blood flow through the heart and circulation
- Lymphatic system and its role (fluid balance, collects fluid)
Animal Systems (Respiratory)
- Respiratory structures (trachea, bronchi, alveoli, diaphragm, nose hair/mucus)
- Understand functions of each part of the system.
- Process of gas exchange in the lungs (alveoli).
- Factors affecting respiration rates.
Plants (General)
- Know plant structures (root, stem, leaves, flowers, seeds, etc)
- Root structure and function (anchor, absorption, storage)
- Stems support leaves and flower, transport water and nutrient
- Function and structure of leaves; photosynthesis
Plants (Specialized)
- Function and structure of Flowers (sepal, petal, stamen, pistil, ovary).
- Seed structure
- Function and structure of Seeds (seed coat, embryo, endosperm).
- Dermal, vascular, and ground tissue
- Water transport through plants
- Tropisms (positive/negative tropism)
- Primary and secondary succession.
- Climax community
- Plant hormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ABA, ethene)
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Description
Test your knowledge about the classification and characteristics of plants in the Kingdom Plantae. This quiz covers various groups such as green algae, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants, including their reproductive strategies and structural differences. Perfect for students studying biology!
