Biology: Kingdom Plantae Quiz

Classification

• Most general classification levels are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
• Know the three domains: Bacteria (prokaryotic, single-celled, cell walls with peptidoglycan, autotrophic and heterotrophic, no membrane-bound nucleus), Archaea (same as bacteria except cell walls lack peptidoglycan), and Eukarya (eukaryotic, single or multicellular, membrane-bound nucleus, divided into four kingdoms).

Kingdom Plantae

• Green algae (found in ponds/lakes, no alternation of generations, non-vascular).
• Mosses (no seeds, non-vascular, gametophyte is dominant).
• Ferns (vascular, sporophyte is dominant, no seeds).
• Seed plants (vascular, seeds, plants embryos contained inside an ovary; pollen are small male gametophytes, enclosed seeds).
• Flowering plants (vascular, seeds inside an ovary, flowers attract animals/insects for pollination).
• Diploid sporophyte (produces spores, tough coat enabling survival in unfavorable conditions).
• Haploid gametophyte (produces gametes; fuse with another gamete to form a zygote).

Kingdom Fungi

• Cell walls made of chitin.
• Mostly multicellular, but can be unicellular.
• Break down organic matter into nutrients.

Kingdom Protista

• Know general characteristics of this group (often considered a "junk drawer").

Kingdom Animalia

• Blastopore (mouth first opening of digestive tract) - Protostome vs. Deuterostome (anus first opening of digestive tract)
• Body symmetry types: Asymmetrical (no distinct shape), Radial (body parts arranged around a central axis, no front/back), Bilateral (mirror image of right and left sides).

Bacteria

• Know methods of reproduction: Sexual (conjugation, transduction, transformation ) , Asexual (binary fission).
• Types and shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirillum, diplo, strepto, staphlo).

Viruses

• Replication methods (lytic - host cell bursts; lysogenic - virus DNA/RNA integrates into host cell DNA, host cell DNA replicates incorporating viral DNA, which can later trigger lytic stage).

Genetics

• Know punnett squares (dihybrid, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles (blood types) first generation/offspring, second generation/offspring).
• Law of Independent Assortment (alleles of different genes are distributed to gametes independently).
• Mitosis and meiosis stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).

Meiosis

• Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
• Prophase I: Crossing over occurs.
• Metaphase I: Homologous pairs align.
• Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles.
• Telophase I: Two haploid cells form.
• Meiosis II : Sister chromatids separate
• Prophase II: Chromosomes condense again, nuclear membrane disappears, and the spindle fibers appear.
• Metaphase II: Chromosomes align in the middle.
• Anaphase II: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
• Telophase II: The nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into four genetically unique haploid cells.
• result :Mitosis - 2 identical diploid daughter cells. Meiosis - 4 genetically unique haploid cells.

Genes

• Gene: portion of DNA that codes
• Allele: version of a gene
• Heterozygous: each allele is different (Pp)
• Homozygous: both alleles are the same (PP)
• Phenotype: physical appearance (ex. Purple)
• Genotype: genetic makeup (ex. Pp)

Nondisjunction disorders

• Errors in chromosome distribution during meiosis.

GMOs

• Genetically modified organisms.
  • Positives: Increased crop yields, pest resistance.
  • Negatives: Environmental concerns, health risks.

Evolution

• Fossils: Evidence of extinction.
• Geographic distribution: Closely related species often have similar habitats; distantly related species often have similar habitats globally.
• Comparative anatomy: Homologous (common ancestor, different functions), Analogous (similar functions, different ancestor).
• Vestigial structures: Structures with little/no function, vestiges of an ancestor's traits.
• Comparative embryology: Embryos of closely related organisms show similar stages of development.
• Molecular biology: Sequencing genes reveal relationships among species; evolutionary relationships.
• Divergent evolution: Evolution from a common ancestor to diverse species.
• Natural selection: Process by which individuals with advantageous traits survive, reproduce, and pass on their traits to offspring.
• Gene pool: All the alleles in a population.
• Genetic drift: Random changes in gene pool (more impactful in small populations).
• Bottleneck effect: Population size decreases rapidly.
• Founder effect: Small group of individuals move out and start new population.
• Mimicry: One species evolves to resemble another.
• Cumulative selection: Small advantageous changes accumulate over time, leading to significant evolutionary adaptations.
• Darwin and Lyell. - Darwin: natural selection drives evolution, organisms with better traits survive, reproduce, and pass traits to offspring; Lyell: Popularized and expanded Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism, the earth took millions of years to develop
• Reproductive barriers: hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability, reproductive/behavioral, geographic, habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gamete isolation
• Types of selection: Stabilizing (average trait is favored), Directional (one extreme trait is favored), Disruptive (extreme traits are favored).
• Definitions of Mass Extinctions and what happens after.

Animal Systems (Digestive)

• Nutrients like carbohydrates.
• Digestive system diagrams and functions
• Understand constipation and related factors.
• Enzymes and their roles in digestion

Animal Systems (Circulatory)

• Blood (parts, structure, and function); platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma.
• Open vs Closed circulatory systems.
• Blood flow through the heart and circulation
• Lymphatic system and its role (fluid balance, collects fluid)

Animal Systems (Respiratory)

• Respiratory structures (trachea, bronchi, alveoli, diaphragm, nose hair/mucus)
• Understand functions of each part of the system.
• Process of gas exchange in the lungs (alveoli).
• Factors affecting respiration rates.

Plants (General)

• Know plant structures (root, stem, leaves, flowers, seeds, etc)
• Root structure and function (anchor, absorption, storage)
• Stems support leaves and flower, transport water and nutrient
• Function and structure of leaves; photosynthesis

Plants (Specialized)

• Function and structure of Flowers (sepal, petal, stamen, pistil, ovary).
• Seed structure
• Function and structure of Seeds (seed coat, embryo, endosperm).
• Dermal, vascular, and ground tissue
• Water transport through plants
• Tropisms (positive/negative tropism)
• Primary and secondary succession.
• Climax community
• Plant hormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ABA, ethene)

Test your knowledge about the classification and characteristics of plants in the Kingdom Plantae. This quiz covers various groups such as green algae, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants, including their reproductive strategies and structural differences. Perfect for students studying biology!